U.S Health final exam- infectious disease Flashcards

Question

Rabies How can we break the chain? what can we do to cats and dogs what campaigns can we have what can be administered to wildlife who should get pre-exposure immunization Why not vaccinate everyone??

Answer 1

Rabies immunization for all cats and dogs - link 4 susceptible host Educational campaigns Oral administration of vaccine to wildlife Pre-exposure immunization - veterinarians, park rangers Why not vaccinate everyone??

Answer 2

Declared eradicated in 1979. The last known case was in 1978. High mortality rate-30% NO animal or environmental reservoir. Found only in humans Transmitted by respiratory droplets or direct contact Eradicated by “Ring Immunization”

Answer 3

The leading cause of vaccine-preventable deaths in children worldwide Highly infectious communicable disease-R naught (R0) of 18 Pathogen: measles virus Transmitted to humans by respiratory droplets How can this be controlled? - Immunizations - Isolation of those infected

Answer 4

Hepatitis C ebola HIV SARS Mumps measles ranked from most to least contagious

Answer 5

Characterized by flaccid paralysis Pathogen: poliovirus World Health Organization set a goal for worldwide eradication for 2000 Countries that have never interrupted the transmission of wild polio: - Afghanistan - Pakistan Method of control: immunization in early childhood

Answer 6

Immunizations are the most effective intervention for preventing disease and promoting health Immunizations do not come without risks - Allergy to eggs - Allergies to components of vaccine (neomycin, latex, thiomersal) - Seizures - Guillain-Barre syndrome

Answer 7

Fear of autism (MMR) and SIDS (pertussis) from vaccines Side effects do exist for some vaccines, Some parents refuse to accept risks Herd immunity is lost if many people do not get vaccinated - Measles outbreak example of losing herd immunity Pharmaceutical companies are reluctant to develop vaccines - Low profits - Risk of law suits

Answer 8

Many public health measures have been successful in controlling disease but requires constant diligence What do you think are some issues that may result due to budget cuts?

Answer 9

Dengue is an acute infectious disease that comes in two forms: dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. The principal symptoms of dengue are high fever, severe headache, backache, joint pains, nausea and vomiting, eye pain, and rash. Generally, younger children have a milder illness than older children and adults. Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever are caused by any one of four closely related flaviviruses, designated DEN-1, DEN–2, DEN-3, or DEN-4.

Answer 10

Dengue is endemic in many tropical countries in Asia and Latin America, most countries in Africa, and much of the Caribbean, including Puerto Rico. Dengue is transmitted to people by the bite of an Aedes mosquito that is infected with a dengue virus. Monkeys may serve as a reservoir in some parts of Asia and Africa. Dengue cannot be spread directly from person to person. Susceptibility to dengue is universal. Residents of or visitors to tropical urban areas and other areas where dengue is endemic are at highest risk of becoming infected A vaccine was recently approved in US, only for those with lab confirmed previous infection. The best preventive measure for residents living in areas infested with Aedes aegypti is to eliminate the places where the mosquito lays her eggs.

Answer 11

Reservoirs: Portals of exit: Modes of transmission: Portals of entry: Factors in host susceptibility:

Answer 12

It means that animals, humans and environment health care connected As the population grows, we interact with animals and the environment in new ways that increase the risk of becoming infected with new diseases Poverty, war, limited access to healthcare make people vulnerable to disease

Answer 13

Global travel: - New pathogens can be introduced via global air travel - One example is the SARS outbreak of 2003 ----Jumped from animals at an urban market in China and spread widely via global air travel - COVID-19 had a similar means of transmission Industrial food production - Farms are much bigger and more disruptive to natural ecosystems causing pathogens to spread quickly between wildlife, domestic animals and people - Avian Influenza (H1N1 & H7N9)- These viruses persist in Asia and Africa as wild birds infect poultry and are in close contact with people

Answer 14

Viruses evolve much faster and adapt to humans quickly Disturbing wildlife habitats, humans have much greater contact with animals that transmit viruses Countries response to disease threats Mosquitoes and ticks carrying virus into new habitats as seasons and climates change Without clean water and food waste disposal and medical care people have higher risk of infections

Answer 15

First recognized in the USA in 1981 There is no cure to date but many treatments to manage it Transmission: Sexual contact: ---Homosexual transmission is the most common in the US ---Heterosexual transmission is the most common around the world Sharing of needles - IV drug abusers at high risk - Medical use of unsterile needles

Answer 16

Transmission - Mother to infant - Prenatal or during birth - Breastfeeding Blood transfusions - We screen blood products in the US so not typically seen in the US but can occur globally if they do not screen blood products

Answer 17

Education Behavior modification Treatment of drug users Distribution of condoms Clean syringes Needle exchange programs Abstinence

Answer 18

Measles- 1282 cases in US during 2019 (372 cases in all of 2018) Ebola- Have had several outbreaks in west African countries in 2014-2016. Current outbreak in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Monkey pox- have had outbreaks in Nigeria Hantavirus- Have had outbreaks in 4 corners of the US West Nile Virus- reported in more than 40 states last year Eastern Equine Encephalitis-rare but can be deadly

Answer 19

Influenza is an RNA virus like HIV It is constantly mutating so the vaccine must be changed frequently Periodically will have an antigenic shift-the influenza strain is drastically different from anything the population has been exposed to. - Antigenic drift-slight mutation in the sequence of the prevalent strain Spanish flu of 1918-1919 killed 20-40 million people worldwide Avian influenza (H5N1) and H1N1 are concerning

Answer 20

Legionnaire’s disease Lyme Disease Group A streptococci E. coli 0157:H7 in food Antibiotic resistance - Natural progression of bacteria - Improper medical use - Use in agriculture - MRSA

Answer 21

TB is the leading cause of infectious disease worldwide - One third of the world population is infected There was a resurgence in the US in the early 1990s People with HIV are at a much higher risk TB is transmitted by respiratory aerosol droplets Fatality rate for untreated TB is 50%

Answer 22

Antibiotics are effective but must be taken daily for several months Improper use of antibiotics leads to resistance, including multi-drug resistance—this may increase fatality rate Directly Observed Therapy (DOTS) works! - Best approach for preventing antibiotic resistance In 2007, the CDC revised its requirements for overseas medical screening of applicants for immigration to the US

Answer 23

Prime transmission sites for TB - Homeless shelters - Prisons - Urban hospitals - Riskiest behavior is breathing!

Answer 24

Also called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies Rapidly progressive and total brain diseases Not considered a bacteria or a virus- it is an infectious protein

Answer 25

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) Sporadic CJD is the most common CJD usually appears later in life Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or “mad cow disease” has a history in Britain New variant of CJD (vCJD) in the UK affects younger people- thought to be caused by eating infected beef Regulations have been tightened on animal feed

Answer 26

Clinical presentation of CJD: Fatigue, sleep disturbances, weight loss, headaches, anxiety, vertigo, malaise, poorly defined pain Deficits in higher cortical function Progresses over weeks to months to profound dementia

Answer 27

Kuru Found in Fore people of Papua New Guinea in the 1950-60’s Neurological disease is characterized by progressive loss of coordination and control over muscle movements Eventually leading to death Resulted from funeral rituals of cannibalism mostly in women because they ate the brain

Answer 28

Global surveillance of potential epidemics Veterinary surveillance Improved public health capacity Reduction of inappropriate use of antibiotics - Educate to not use antibiotics for viral infections

U.S Health final exam- infectious disease Flashcards

(52 cards)