VIROLOGY Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
Smallest infectious agent (?)
A
20 nm – 200 nm
2
Q
Electron microscope (?) – larger size
A
20x20 nm – 250x300 nm
3
Q
– contain no enzymes associated with energy
A
obligate parasite
4
Q
Either [?] (bacteria is both)
A
RNA or DNA
5
Q
Metabolism is entirely dependent on the [?] for biosynthesis
A
host cell
6
Q
Requires [?] in order to replicate
A
living cells
7
Q
largest DNA
A
Poxviridae (pox virus)
8
Q
smallest DNA
A
Parvoviridae
9
Q
largest RNA
A
Paramyxoviridae
10
Q
smallest RNA
A
Enteroviridae (enetro virus)
11
Q
Eschunna Code of ancient Mesopotamia
A
23 BC
12
Q
Bite of mad dogs to affect human disease or “Rabies”
A
23 BC
13
Q
The Natural History of Man
A
Aristotle
14
Q
Reviewed madness in dogs
A
Aristotle
15
Q
1796
A
Edward Jenner
16
Q
Used cowpox to vaccinate against smallpox
A
Edward Jenner
17
Q
VARIOLATION by Chinese
A
Edward Jenner
18
Q
With Sarah Nelmes (milkmaid)
A
Edward Jenner
19
Q
Small pox has been long eradicated
A
Edward Jenner
20
Q
1885
A
Louis Pastuer
21
Q
experimented with rabies vaccination
A
Louis Pastuer
22
Q
termed ”virus” and “vaccination”
A
Louis Pastuer
23
Q
experimented cholera, anthrax, rabies
A
Louis Pastuer
24
Q
1886
A
John Buist
25
scottish pathologist
John Buist
26
stained lymph from skin lesions of a smallpox
John Buist
27
"elementary bodies" - infectious part of the microorganism
John Buist
28
Smallpox virus particles
John Buist
29
described the first "filterable" infectious agent called TMV
Dmitri Iwanowski
30
smallest virus; smaller than bacteria; isolated in plants (leaf of tobacco)
Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
31
first to discriminate viruses and other infectious agents
Dmitri Iwanowski
32
1892
Dmitri Iwanowski
33
1898
Martinus Beijerinick
34
extended Iwanowski's work with TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus)
Martinus Beijerinick
35
developed the concept of the virus as a distinct entity
Martinus Beijerinick
36
demonstrated foot and mouth disease
Friedrich Loeffier (1852-1915) and Paul Frosch (1860-1928)
37
first to prove that viruses also affects plants and animals
Friedrich Loeffier (1852-1915) and Paul Frosch (1860-1928)
38
1900
Walter Reed
39
demonstrated that yellow fever is spread by mosquitos/insect vectors
Walter Reed
40
proved that poliomyelitis is a virus
Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper (1868-1943)
41
proved that viruses also infects humans
Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper (1868-1943)
42
1908
Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper (1868-1943)
43
demonstrated that a virus (Rous sarcoma virus) can cause cancer in chickens
Francis Peyton Rous (1879-1970)
44
1911
Francis Peyton Rous (1879-1970)
45
discovered viruses infecting bacteria (bacteriophage)
Frederick Twort (1877-1950)
46
1915
Frederick Twort (1877-1950)
47
1917
Felix d'Herelle (1873-1949)
48
coins the term "bacteriophage"
Felix d'Herelle
49
1938
Max Theller (1899-1972)
50
developed a live attenuated vaccine against yellow fever transmitted via mosquito)
Max Theller (1899-1972)
51
1940
Helmuth Ruska (1908-1973)
52
used an electron microscope which showed complete virus particles or virions
Helmuth Ruska (1908-1973)
53
1941
George Hirst
54
demonstrated that influenza virus agglutinates red blood cells
George Hirst
55
demonstrated that bacteriophages mutate
Salvador Luria (1912-1991) and Alfred Hershey (19081997)
56
have an antigenic variation
Salvador Luria (1912-1991) and Alfred Hershey (19081997)
57
1945
Salvador Luria (1912-1991) and Alfred Hershey (19081997)
58
discovered interferon
Alick Isaacs and Jean Lindemann
59
protein part of the natural defenses (intact skin, macrophages, wbcs)
Alick Isaacs and Jean Lindemann
60
1957
Alick Isaacs and Jean Lindemann
61
proposed a "slow virus" is responsible for the prion disease kuru or zombie
Carleton Gajdusek
62
Kuru can be transmitted to chimpanzees
Eats human brains
Cannibalism
Carleton Gajdusek
63
– human disease
Classic Creutzfeld Disease
64
– infects sheeps and goats
Scrapie
65
demonstrated that bacteriophage T4 uses host cell ribosomes
Sydney Brenner, Francois Jacob, and Matthew Meselson
66
1961
Sydney Brenner, Francois Jacob, and Matthew Meselson
67
discovered Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
Baruch Blumberg
68
First to develop anti-hepa B vaccine
Baruch Blumberg
69
1963
Baruch Blumberg
70
Aka non-A, non-B hepatitis
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
71
First infectious agent to be identified by molecular cloning of the genome
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
72
1989
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
73
1989: Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
74
Function: encode proteins required for viral penetration, transmission and replication
NUCLEIC ACID
75
RNA: plus stranded and minus stranded
NUCLEIC ACID
76
- can serve directly as mRNA
plus stranded
77
- anti-mRNA; needs the synthesis of a complementary RNA polymerase
minus stranded
78
All DNA viruses are double stranded except
PARVOVIRIDAE
79
All RNA viruses are single stranded except
REOVIRIDAE
80
May be linear or circular
NUCLEIC ACID
81
protein coat that encloses the genetic material
CAPSID
82
protects the nucleic acid and enables virus to attach to and enter host cell
CAPSID
83
Helical or Icosahedral
CAPSID
84
: protein subunits
Capsomere
85
complex of nucleic acid and capsid
NUCLEOCAPSID
86
nucleic acid genome surrounded by a symmetric protein coat
NUCLEOCAPSID
87
– the relationship of the nuclelc acid with the protein molecules yields a single rotational axis.
Helical Symmetry
88
Helical Symmetry
TMV
Influenza virus
89
– the nucleic acids ere condensed at the core of the structure and is surrounded by the protein coat
Icosahedral Symmetry
90
Icosahedral Symmetry
Adenovirus
91
Some large viruses have no regular symmetry
bacteriophage
92
characterized by
20 triangle faces, 12 corners/apices & 30 edges
93
the complete virus particle
94
(w/o ourter membrane or capside) – more infectious
naked
95
outer membrane surrounding the capsid aids in the attachment to host cell
ENVELOPE
96
Glycoprotein that functions as attachment or as an enzyme
SPIKES
97
A complete viral particle
VIRION
98
With circular RNA, molecules
VIROID
99
Without capsid and envelope
VIROID
100
Viroid-like particles
VIRUSOIDS
101
Passengers in virus capsids
VIRUSOIDS
102
believed to consist of a single type of protein molecule without Nucleic Acid content
PRIONS
103
most common cause of scrapie and CJD
PRIONS
104
a receptor-binding protein – for attachment to different cells, then command as virus cell particle
VIRAL PROTEINS
105
Viral enzymes:
NEURAMIDASE
106
RNA polymerase:
TRANSCRIPTASE
107
DNA polymerase:
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE
108
CENTRAL DOGMA
– DNA converted to RNA
– mRNA converted to protein
Transcription
Translation
109
Bacterial virus (?)
bacteriophage
110
Plant virus (?)
TMV
111
Some arthropod-borne viruses (arbovirus); transmitted in a complex cycle Involving:
Birds
Herbivores
Mosquitoes
Ocassionally humans
112
Mosquitoes – most common:
malaria, dengue, chikungunya, west nile virus
113
: can infect several mammalian species, some of which act as vectors and transmit the disease to humans
Rabies virus
114
- can infect both humans and ducks, as a result of gene interchange between strains of predominantly avian and strains of predominantly human
Influenza Viruses
115
the naked nuclerc acids of
most plus strand RNA and most are infectious
116
the RNA's from the double stranded and from the minus-strand RNA viruses are
not infectious
117
According to Type of Genetic Material
RNA
DNA
118
According to Shape of Capsid
Helical
Icosahedral
119
Presence or Absence of Envelope
Naked
Enveloped
120
the Initial stage in the infections stage of any virus.
ADSORPTION
121
The virus adheres to specific recaptors, usual flycoproteins, on the host cef's plasma membrane
ADSORPTION
122
Attachment and recognition
ADSORPTION
123
may be accomplished by membrane fusion or receptor mediated endocytosis
PENETRATION
124
process by which different classes of viruses enter the host cell in which they are able to replicate
VIROPEXIS
125
Non enveloped viruses may enter via translocation or pinocytosis, enveloped viruses typical enter via fusion once inside the host cell
PENETRATION
126
the nucleocapsids migrate into the cytoplasm, where cytoplasmic proteases or Viral proteases digest the protein layers, releasing the nucleic acid
UNCOATING
127
infectious agent cannot be recovered from culture
UNCOATING
128
involves replication of the nuclelc acid, the site of which is variable and synthesis of viral proteins in the cytoplasm
SYNTHESIS
129
structural proteins, genomes and enzymes are assembled
ASSEMBLY
130
: viral envelopes are acquired from host's cell membrane, may not result to rapid cell death
Budding
131
causes rapid host cell death
Lysis
132
Replication in the cytoplasm or nucleus
Naked Virus
133
Budding
Enveloped
