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Viruses_Bacteria_Archaea_B Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

2 Prokaryote Domians

A

Bacteria

Archaea

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2
Q

Leeuwenhoek

A

discovered bacteria in the 17th century
examined scrapings from teeth
thought “little animals” arose spontaneously

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3
Q

Pasteur

A

experiment disproved spontaneous generation around 1850

crooked neck showed particles settle from outside

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4
Q

Prokaryote Size

A

1 - 10 um in length
.7 - 1.5 um in width
some variety

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5
Q

prokaryote greek

A

before a nucleus

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6
Q

how far do prokaryotic fossils date back

A

3.5 - 3.8 billion years

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7
Q

how long do fossils indicate prokaryotes lived alone

A

2 billion years

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8
Q

why can Prokaryotes thrive in variety of environments

A

variety of ways to obtain energy

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9
Q

glycocalyx

A

organized capsule that surrounds cell wall

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10
Q

slime layer

A

loose gelatinous sheath that surrounds cell wall

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11
Q

outer layer that protects parasitic prokaryote cell from host defenses

A

glycocalyx/ slime layer

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12
Q

flagella 3 parts

A

basal body
hook
filament

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13
Q

fimbriae

A

enable prokaryotes to adhere to surfaces

short hairlike filaments on surface

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14
Q

disease from Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

fimbriae allow N. gonorrhoeae to attach to host cells and cause gonorrhea

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15
Q

nucleoid

A

single circular strand of DNA, dense area in prokaryotes of chromosome location

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16
Q

plasmids

A

accessory rings of DNA

found in some prokaryotes

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17
Q

prokaryote ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes

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18
Q

binary fission overview

A

prokaryote form of replication

splitting of parent cell into 2 daughter cells

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19
Q

binary fission steps

A

1) singular circular chromosome replicates; 2 copies separate as cell enlarges
2) plasma membrane/cell wall separate the cell into 2 cells

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20
Q

Prokaryote Reproduction Methods

A

Genetic Recombination:

  • conjugation
  • transformation
  • transduction
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21
Q

conjugation

A

DNA passed between bacteria through sex pilus

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22
Q

transformation

A

ingest free peices of DNA from other dead/alive bacteria

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23
Q

transduction

A

bacteriophages transfer DNA from one cell to another

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24
Q

what do i need for the quiz

A

2 pencil

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25
Kingdom for Domain Bacteria
Eubacteria
26
number of species of Eubacteria
tens of millions
27
number of Eubacteria species named
9000
28
most common type of prokaryote
Bacteria
29
peptidoglycan
located outside plasma membrane rigid cell wall complex of polysaccharides linked by amino acids that keeps the cell from exploding/collapsing during osmosis
30
Gram Positive
purple | thick peptidoglycan
31
Gram Negative
pink | thin peptidoglycan
32
when Gram stain procedure developed
late 1880s | developed by Hans Christian Gram
33
Bacteria three basic shapes
spirillum: spiral-shaped bacillus: elongated/rod-shaped coccus: spherical
34
Obligate anaerobes
toxic to O2 | grow in absence of O2
35
Health effects of anaerobic bacteria
botulism, gas gangrene, tetanus
36
facultative anaerobes
able to grow with or without O2
37
Aerobic
require O2. All multi-cellular organisms are aerobic
38
Autotrophic Bacteria
generate own food from inorganic compounds
39
Photoautotrophs
use light energy to assemble required organic molecules
40
Chemoautotrophs
generate organic molecules from oxidation of inorganic compounds
41
Source of energy besides Sun
deep ocean hydrothermal vents | provide H2S for chemosynthesis
42
Methanogens
methane producing chemosynthetic bacteria from hydrogen gas and CO2
43
Rhizobium
symbiotic between legume plants and bacteria (mutualism) nodules formed on plant roots Bacteria provide plants with Nitrogen Plants give protection and nutrients
44
Heterotrophic bacteria
can't make own food
45
Chemoheterotrophs
ingest pre-formed organic nutrients
46
sapotrophs
break-down decaying organic matter
47
chemicals we utilize produced by Bacteria
ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, butyl alcohol, acetones
48
more chemicals we utilize produced by Bacteria
butter, cheese, sauerkraout, rubber, cotton, silk, coffee, and cocoa antibiotics
49
Symbiosis
close association between 2 or more different species
50
mutualism
both species benefit
51
commensalism
1 species benefits, other is unaffected
52
parasitism
one species benefits, other is harmed
53
Formed in response to harmful environmental conditions
endospores
54
T/F endospores can survive boiling, freezing hydration, and UV
true
55
vegetative cells (endospores)
endospores absorb water and grow again?
56
Bacterial Toxin release sources
secreted by living cell | released by portions of cell wall when bacteria die
57
what normally causes bacterial disease
toxins
58
Shigella dysentariae
releases a toxin sticks to the intestine causes diarrhea
59
Clostridium tetani
causes all muscles to stiffen ingest spores disease comes from toxins
60
Clostridium botulinum
ingest spores disease comes from toxins babies can die from this Babies do not have stomach acids and pH that breaks down these spores
61
Bacillus anthracis
Anthrax | transferred as spores
62
Antibiotic pathways
inhibit - protein synthesis - cell wall synthesis - nucleic acid synthesis
63
Cyanobacteria - blue-green algae charectrestics
Prokaryotic, not algae can be unicellular, colonial, filamentous photosynthesis (first on earth) heterocysts allow Nitrogen fixation
64
where are cyanobacteria commonly found
fresh water, soil, harsh habitats, moist surfaces
65
symbiotic cyanobacteria
liverworts, corals, ferns, and lichens
66
Cyanobacteria "bloom"
nitrates and phosphate cause blooms die off decomposing bacteria utilize oxygen massive fish kills
67
Archaea Kingdom
Archaea
68
T/F rRNA base sequence different in Archaea than Bacteria
T
69
Methanogens
obligate anaerobes live in marshes, swamps, intestinal tracts produce methane as product of respiration methane is greenhouse gas
70
what do halophiles remove excess of from inside cell
Chlorine
71
what temperature do thermophiles survive best above
80 degrees C
72
T/F there are thermophiles can live above boiling point
true
73
what pH do thermophiles grow best at
1 - 2

Bio 2 (17 decks)

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