Ch_21_Protist_Evolution_and_Diversity Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
Protists Domain and Kingdom
A
Eukarya
Protista
2
Q
Protos Greek
A
first
3
Q
most protists are unicellular, except this kind
A
algae
4
Q
what type of “trophs” are protists
A
Heterotrophs, Autotrophs, Mixotrophs
5
Q
Endosymbiosis
A
several eukaryotic organelles originated as symbiotic relationship with other single-celled organisms
6
Q
possible origin of mitochrondria
A
ingestion of aerobic bacterium
7
Q
possible origin of chloroplast
A
ingestion of cyanobacteria
8
Q
evidence mitochondria/chloroplast originated from prokaryotes
A
similar: structure, size, reproduction, biochemistry, genetic makeup
9
Q
paraphyletic
A
no apparent common ancestor with all lineage in the same group
10
Q
number of protist super-groups
A
6
11
Q
supergroup
A
taxonomic group between Domain and Kingdom
attempts to create an inclusive lineage
12
Q
T/F Generally Protists prefer moist environments
A
T
13
Q
Amoeboid movement
A
psuedopodia extend and engulf
14
Q
psuedo Greek
A
fake
15
Q
pod Greek
A
foot
16
Q
Protist movement
A
1) psuedopodia (Amoeboid)
2) Flagella
3) Cilia
4) slime excretion and glide (diatoms, malaria)
17
Q
long rotating organelle used for protist movement
A
flagella
18
Q
short hair-like organelles that move in unison for protist movement
A
cilia
19
Q
Protist nutrient acquisition
A
Heterotrophic
Autotrophic
Mixotropic
20
Q
How to group Protists
A
1) Movement
2) nutrient acquisition
21
Q
Alternation of Generations Introduction Concept
A
2 different life stages
diploid (2 n)
haploid (n)
22
Q
Alternation of Generations flow (start at spores)
A
spores(n) -> mitosis -> gametophyte -> gametes -> fusion -> zygote (2n) -> sporophyte -> miosis -> spores
23
Q
Protist Supergroups
A
Archaeplastida
Chromalveolata
Excavata
Amoebozoa
24
Q
Archaeplastida traits
A
contain plastids for photosynthesis
photosynthetic organisms
25
Archaeaplastids
can think of as chloroplasts
| derived from cyano-bacteria
26
Groups of Archaeplastida
Green Algae
Red Algae
Land Plants
27
Green Algae locations
ocean
freshwater habititats
snowbanks
moist land
28
Green Algae traits
```
photo-synthesizers
group of Archaeplastida
bottom of ocean food chain
major contributor to atmospheric Oxygen
most are unicellular
```
29
filamentous Green Algae
Spirogyra
30
colonial Green Algae
Volvox
31
multi-cellular Green Algae
Ulva
32
T/F Green Algae are always green
F, some have orange, red, or rust color pigments
33
Which Algae are plants most closely related to
Green Algae
34
Similar characteristics between plants and green algae
chlorophyll,
cell wall,
starch food storage
35
Volvox characteristics
colonial
loose association of independent cells
hollow sphere - many cells arranged in a single layer on its periphery
36
Volvox daughter budding
reproductive cells form new daughter colony within parental colony
daughters develop inside parent until enzyme dissolves part of wall to allow escope
37
Spirogyra location
surfaces of ponds and streams
| prefers fast moving water
38
Spirogyra distinguishing characteristic
ribbon-like spiral chloroplasts
39
T/F Sprirogyra cell division occurs in one-plain producing end-to-end chains
T
40
How do Spirogyra form a zygote
2 strands unite in conjugation
exchange genetic material
form a diploid zygote
41
How does Spirogyra often survive the winter
as zygotes
| divide by meiosis in Spring to form haploid strands
42
Ulva common name
Sea Lettuce
43
Ulva appearance
blade form
44
Ulva locations
SC coast
45
Ulva Alternation of generations
half of lifecycle as diploid sporophyte
| half of lifecycle as gametophyte
46
Distinguish sporophite appearance from gametophyte appearance Ulva
Can't
47
Chara location
freshwater lakes and ponds
48
Most closely related green algae to plants
Chara, based on DNA data
49
Chara common name
Stoneworts
50
Chara/plant similarities
multicellular sex organs at nodes
| cells of body originate from apical
51
Red Algae characteristics
Marine Multicellular Algae
52
Red Algae appearance
Most species branched/ feather ribbonlike appearance
53
Uses of Red Algae
Coralline algae: cell walls of calcium carbonate - coral reefs
Chondrus crispus: cells walls component of carrageen and chocolate stability
Geledium: source of agar for growing bacteria
Porphyra (nori): used for wrapping sushi
54
Chromalveolata graups
Stramenopiles
| Alveolates
55
Stramenopiles types
Brown algae
diatoms
golden brown algae
water molds
56
Alveolate types
dinoflagellates
ciliates
apicomplexans
57
Why are brown algae brown?
contain fucoxanthin pigment
58
Why do brown algae have air bladders
keep blades close to surface for photosynthesis
59
brown algae uses
```
human food (high concentration of Iodine)
fertilizer
```
60
brown algae holdfast
structure near root to anchor algae
61
brown algae length
few cm to 100 m
62
Brown Algae examples
Laminaria - kelp
Fucus - rockweed
Macrocystis - giant kelp
Sargassum
63
Macrocystis common name
giant kelp
64
Macrocystis growth speed
2 ft/day
65
Macrocystis location
cooler waters with rocks
| west coast of North America
66
Kelp forest
Macrocystis organisms aggregated and forming large floating canopies. Can be very extensive
67
Kelp ecosystem uses
food and habitat for marine organisms
68
Sargassum location
start in Caribbean
| found also in Sargassum Sea
69
Why do Sargassum drift
start life with a holdfast, but break
70
Sargassum receptacle uses
produce sex cells
71
Sargasso Sea name root
floating mats of Sargassum on surface
72
Diatom group
Stramenopiles
73
Diatom shell material
Silicon (glass-like)
74
Diatom reproduction
reproduce asexually by mitosis until 30% of size
| than reproduce sexually
75
Diatom abundance
phytoplankton - most abundant organism on Earth
76
Diatom movement
fibrils with raphes
| mucus secreted out of raphes
77
Diatomaceous earth formation
diatoms die
| sediment forms
78
Diatomaceous earth uses
kills fleas
| breaks up fleas as glass
79
Golden Brown Algae group
Stramenopiles
80
Golden Brown Algae pigments
yellow-brown carotenoid pigments
81
Golden Brown Algae multi/uni?
unicellular
82
Golden Brown Algae number of flagella
2
83
Ochromonas capable of photosynthesis or phagocytosis
both
84
Ochromonas fresh water or marine
both
85
Water Molds group
Stramenopiles
86
Water molds location
fresh water
87
Water Molds characteristics
form furry growths
parasitize fish/insects
decompose remains
88
caused Irish potato famine of 1840s
Phytophthora (Water Mold)
89
Water Mold cell wall
cellulose
90
T/F Water Mold body filamentous
true
91
Water Mold reproduction
with 2n diploid motile spores (zoospores) with flagella
92
Saprolegnia
Water mold that attacks fish & amphibians
93
Dinoflagellates group
Alveolates
94
Dinoflagellates "troph"
photoautotrophic
95
Dinoflagellate bounded by
protective cellulose and silicate plates
96
Dinoflagellate number of flagella
2
97
Dinoflagellates that cause Red Tides
Gymnodinium
| Gonyaulax
98
Dinoflagellates are an important source of
phytoplankton
99
Dinoflagellates reproduce asexually by
mitosis
100
Gonyaulax
Agent of Red tide
| massive fish kills
101
Red tide
"powerful neurotoxin killing fish and causing paralytic shellfish poisoning"
102
Ciliate movement
use cilia
103
pellicle
supports cilia on Ciliates
similar to a protein underneath a membrane
firm on Ciliates
104
Ciliate ingestion
heterotrophic
ingests through gullet
expels through cytoproct pore
105
Ciliate nuclei types
Macronucleus
- controls normal metabolism
Micronuclei
- involved in sexual reproduction
106
Ciliate reproduction
Macronucleus disintegrates
micronucleus undergoes meiosis
2 ciliates exchange haploid micronucleui
2 micronuclei give rise to new macronucleus
107
Ciliate super-group
Alveolate
108
Apicomplexan super-group
Alveolate
109
Apicomplexan characteristics
Nonmotile, parasitic, sporeforming protozoa
110
causes most widespread type of malaria
Plasmodium vivax
| most widespread human parasite
111
how Plasmodium vivax is transmitted
by female Anopheles mosquito
| only females suck blood, used for egg production
112
Malaria infection flow
transmitted by female Anopheles mosquito
Sporozoites (juvenile form of Plasmodium vivax) infect liver
Merozoites enter blood/attack cells
red blood cells burst, releasing toxins
113
Malaria symptoms
chills/fever as red blood cells burst ad release toxins
114
Plasmodium group
Apicomplexan
115
Excavata characteristics
distinctive flagella
| deep oral feeding grooves
116
Excavata subgroups
Euglenids
Parabasilids
Diplomonads
Kinetoplastids
117
Euglenids super-group
Excavata
118
Euglenids characteristics
flagellated, freshwater unicellular organisms
flexible protein pellicle
eye-spot for light spot
2 flagella - 1 long, 1 short
119
Euglenid "troph"
mixotroph, autotroph, heterotroph
120
Euglenid reproduction asexual or sexual
asexual
121
Diplomonads super group
Excavata
122
Diplomonad characteristics
single celled protozoans
2 nuclei
2 sets of flagella
"lack" mitochondria
123
intestinal Diplomonad that causes diarrhea
Giardia lamblia
124
Giardia survives outside host and is transmitted through polluted water and stomach through
Cysts
125
disease caused by Giardia lamblia
Beaver Fever
126
Parabasalid super-group
Excavata
127
Parabasalid characteristics
single celled protozoa
4 flagella
undulating membrane
lack mitochondria
128
Sexually transmitted Parabasalid that infects male & female reproductive organs
Trichomonas vaginalis
129
Parabasalid that live in termite intestines and digest wood
Trichonympha campanula
130
Kinetoplastid super-group
Excavata
131
Kinetoplastid characteristics
single-celled, flagellated protozoans
| named for kinetoplasts
132
kinetoplast
large mass of DNA found in single mitochondrion
133
Kinetoplastid that causes African Sleeping Sickness
Trypanosoma brucei
134
Trypanosoma brucei transmission
Tsetse Fly
| major cause of death in Africa
135
Trypanosoma cruzi
western version of Trypanosoma brucei
136
Ameibian Greek
to change
137
Zoa
animal
138
Ameobozoa sub-groups
Amoeboids
Slime molds
- plasmodial
- cellular
139
how Amoebas consume food
phagocytosis
140
cause of Amoebic Dysentery
Entamoeba histolytica
141
Plasmodial Slime Mold super-groups
Amoebozoa
142
Plasmodium
multi-nucleate cytoplasm
143
Plasmodial Slime Mold Characteristics
terrestrial decomposer
| develops sporangia which produce spores by meiosis in dry conditions
144
When do Plasmodial Slime Mold survive until
moist conditions return
145
Plasmodial spore to plasmodium
spores released in moist conditions
each becomes haploid flagellated cell/amoeboid cell
2 cells fuse form a diploid zygote
zygote produces multinucleated plasmodium
146
Cellular Slime Mold super-group
Amoebozoa
147
Cellular Slime mold location
soil
148
Cellular Slime Mold food
bacteria and yeast
149
Cellular Slime Mold spore generation
food runs out
amoeboid cells aggregate into a pseudoplasmodium
spores survive until more favorable conditions
spores germinate & release amoeboid cells
begins asexual cycle
150
Ophisthokonta sub-groups
Animal
| Fungi
151
Choanoflagellates super-group
Ophisthokonta
152
Choanoflagellates characteristics
closely resemble collar cells of sponges
unicellular and colonial forms
filter feeders
beat flagella to generate water currents
153
Rhizaria characteristics
Protists with threadlike pseudopods
154
Rhizaria sub-groups
Foraminiferans
| Radiolarians
155
Foraminifera super-group
Rhizaria
156
Foram movement
cytoplasm form pseudopods
157
Foram skeleton
mineral skeleton made of calcium carbonate
| external skeleton
158
Foram interesting facts
form the white cliffs of England
| used for pyramid construction
159
Radiolarians super-group
Rhizaria
160
Radiolarian characteristics
all marine plankton
| have tests made of glass-like silicon
161
why do Radiolarian have arm-like extensions that resemble spikes
increase surface area for buoyancy
| capture prey
