Viticulture Flashcards
1
Q
What year was the Guyot system created?
A
1860
2
Q
In Bordeaux, Copper in organic vineyards is this limit: (EU2018)
A
4kg/ha per year
3
Q
Peronospera (downy) and Oidium (powdery) mildew are native here:
A
North America
4
Q
Botrytis requires this temperature and a dry condition so fruit remains intact and secondary infection by acetobacter does not occur
A
Dry condition: 65-75 degrees F
5
Q
Fungal diseases
A
Esca (black measels), botrosphoeria, Eutypa Dieback, oidium (powdery mildew) peronospera (downy mildew),
blackrot, bunchrot
6
Q
pierces disease is caused by this bacteria
A
xylella fastidiosa (prevents water transport) causes matchsticking
7
Q
In What countries is Bacterial Blight common?
A
South Africa, Southern Europe, Argentina, Australia
8
Q
Phylloxera’s full name
A
Phylloxera Vastatrix
“The devastator”
9
Q
Dagger Nematode (xiphinema index) is a vector for this viral disease
A
fanleaf virus
10
Q
High yielding varieties
A
Chenin blanc, Carignan, Grenache, Valdigué
11
Q
Why would you mulch or crimp
A
discourage weeds from growing
12
Q
What is NDVI
A
Monitors vine vigor based on color of canopy from aerial drone, for deficit irrigation
13
Q
What is cane cracking
A
When Canes are bent into an arch to promote vigor (nebbiolo/riesling)
14
Q
Esca is what?
A
Fungal disease
15
Q
Guyot-Poussard training is this:
A
Described by Eugene Poussard/Charles guyot in 1860’s Be conscious of scar tissue where you cut to avoid fungal disease. With respect to sap flow, not near the head.
16
Q
Millerandage is this:
A
When berries contain a different number of seeds, resulting in different berry sizes. (Nutrient deficiency/disease)
Wente and Gingin clone are prone to it
17
Q
Couloure is this
A
Shatter
18
Q
These grapes are teinturiers
A
Colorino, Saperavi, Gamay de Chaudenay, Alicante Bouschet, Chambourcin, Gamay de Bouze, Gamay Fréaux,
19
Q
What is Apical dominance?
A
Main, central stem of plant is dominant over side stems. In viticulture it means buds are located further from the ground
20
Q
What is phenology
A
vines reoccuring patterns of growth and development throughout the year
21
Q
In the southern hemisphere, when is budbreak?
A
September or October
22
Q
When is harvest in the Southern Hemisphere?
A
February-May
23
Q
Scott Henry and Smart-Dyson are used primarily in these regions?
A
New world, high vigor
24
Q
What is Te Kauwhata two tier?
A
Vertically divided training and trellising in New Zealand
25
What is an example of cane pruning?
Guyot
26
What is the advantage of cane pruning?
Less permanent wood, fewer reserves. Less vigorous, better for high density planting. Less pruning cuts than spur pruned, and less prone to fungal disease
27
Vine density range in viticulture is this
500-6,000 vines per acre (average)
28
European vine density
4000 vines per acre
29
New world vine density
1500 vines per acre
30
These regions are susceptible to hail
Loire Valley, Burgundy, Bordeaux, Piedmont, Mendoza
31
Drought resistant rootstock?
St. George, 110R, 140R
32
These regions now permit irrigation
Bordeaux, Burgundy, Barolo, Barbaresco, Montalcino
33
Kimmeridgian soils accumulated during this period
Jurassic
34
What is Humus?
Nutrient dense, organic material that holds water in top soil, reduces erosion
35
Vineyards above the inversion layer tend to see this
Smaller diurnal shifts
36
This Atlantic current warms most of Northern Europe
Gulf Stream
37
What is Koppen-Geiger
One of the most widely used classification groups. Climates are divided into five groups, with each group being divided on seasonal precipitation and temperature patterns. The five main groups are A: tropical, B: dry, C: temperate, D: continental, E: polar
38
Winkler scale growing days
April 1 to October 31
39
Calculating the Winkler scale
Average daily temp minus 50 degrees fareignheit from every day and summing it
1a, 1b, II, III, IV, V
coolest--------->warmest
40
Mediteranean Climates
Barossa, Tuscany, Stellenbosch, South Africa, Fleurieu, Napa Valley
41
Loire, Alsace, Champagne and Austria belong to these climate zones
A and B, permitted to enrich wine by 3% and deacidify, not acidify
42
Portugal, Southern Spain, Southern Italy and Greece belong to this zone
Zone CIIIb, can acidify, not deacidify
43
What is TDN?
1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2 dihydronapthalene
44
What is a hoyo?
in Lanzarote, a pit dug up to protect vines from wind
45
Soil Ph range is this
3-10
acidic-------->basic
46
acidic soils have this ph
6.5 or below
47
neutral soils are this Ph
6.5 to 8
48
alkaline soils are this Ph
over 8
49
St George rootstock is called this
Rupestris du Lot
50
Examples of continental climates
Burgundy, Wachau, Mendoza
51
Maritime climate examples
Bordeaux, Hawkes Bay, Willamette valley
52
This rootstock is resistant to lime (high Ph, basic soil)
Vitis berlandieri
Native to Texas… used to cross with vinifera, riparia, rupestris
53
Agricultural soils become acidic or basic over time?
Acidic
54
Best soil for growth?
neutral Ph (6.5-8)
55
acidic soil might induce this
aluminum toxicity
56
these soils are basic (8.5 and above)
limestone, chalk, tufa, marlstone, marble
57
these soils are acidic (ph below 6.5)
Mosel slate, Basalt, sandstone, shale, slatee, schist
58
What is CEC?
Carbon exchange capacity. Describes how soil particles surface area allow nutrient content to become available for the vine
59
This rootstock is salt tolerant
Ramey
60
What is NPK?
Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium
61
What is Massale selection?
cuttings are taken from numerous vines throughout a vineyard that may have undergone small mutations. Promotes genetic diversity, disease resistance and complexity
62
What is a cambium
Layer of cellls between xylem and phloem for grafting and matchup
63
What is bench grafting?
Two dormant cuttings grafted together at the nursery
64
Two vitus lambrusca varieties (not vinifera)
Catabwa, Concord
65
French term for pruning
taille (when excess wood removed from dominant vine, leaving only buds that will produce shoots)
66
Term for uneven fruit set
couliure: occurs when a significant number of berries do not set after flowering. Caused by cold weather and nutrient deficiency, creates "live green ovaries"
67
What is vendange?
The grape harvest in French
68
Example of phytoplasmic disease?
flavesence dorae
69
Main macronutrients vines need
magnesium, sulfur, phosphorous, nitrogen, calcium
70
Forest in france famous for French oak barrels
Limousin/Troncet
71
When does vine death occur?
0 degrees fareignheit
72
Smudge pots are used for this
In Burgundy they warm vines and prevent freezing, with burning material surrounding vines
73
Hugelin index is based on latitude, similar to this
Winkler scale
74
What is the Ravaz index?
What is considered Balanced?
Yield to pruning weight ratio
Ratios of 4 to 10 are considered balanced
75
Calculating the winkler scale
Degree days calculated by multiplying days in each month of growing season (April 1- Oct 31) by the mean number of degrees over 50 degrees F for that month. Month totals added together to arrive at heat summation.
76
How long after budbreak is flowering?
six to thirteen weeks
77
What are embryo bunches?
small green clusters forming mid april before flowering
78
How long does it take for flowers to bloom?
About 10 days
79
What is bushvine in spain?
En Vaso
80
Names for pergola
Tendone (Italy)
Enforcado (Portugal)
Latada (Spain)
Parron (South America)
81
What is Eutypa Dieback
Dead arm disease, D'Arenberg makes Dead Arm Shiraz, caused by fungus
82
Name for bushvine in Italy
Albarello
83
These factors affect vine developmeent
heat, light, water, wind
84
Where are chestnut barrels used?
Valpolicella, Veneto
85
How much does a new French oak barrel cost?
800-3600 dollars
86
How much does an American barrel cost
500 USD
87
Baumés scale measures this
density in wine, in France
88
what is matchsticking?
In Pierces disease, caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, spread by sharpshooters
89
These three diseases were brought to US from Europe
phylloxera, oidium, downy mildew (Peronospera)
Perinospera is called by plasmicora viticola causes downy mildew
90
What is égrapage?
destemming
91
How many hours of sunshine are required for ripening vitis vinifera
1250 hours.
Hybrid varieties require less
92
Main types of soil in general:
Limestone: Chablis, Champagne
Loam: Barossa
Sandy: Chianti Classico, Barolo
Alluvial: Napa
Clay: Pomerol
Silt: Austria, Washington
Volcanic: Sicily, Santorini
93
What is double guyot?
Head trained, cane pruned
94
What is the chapeau?
The Cap (punchdowns)
95
What are the five steps in the grape ripening process
```
Budbreak (March-April)
Flowering (May)
Fruit Set/shatter (June)
Verasion (Aug)
Harvest (Vendange) August and November
```
96
What defines certified organic?
No synthetic chemicals or GMOs (copper/sulfur okay)
110PPM for red
150PPM for white
Organic additives (fining agents)
97
What is goblet training?
Head trained, spur pruned.
En Vaso spain
Albarello Italy
98
What is soutirage
Term for racking
99
This trellising system can be used for spur and cane pruning
VSP Vertical Shoot Positioning
100
At what temperature does cold stabilization occur?
25 degrees fareignheit
Causes tartrate crystals to precipitate out of the wine
101
Carbonic maceration
whole cluster, CO2 rich environment, no yeast, no skin contact
102
What temperature is needed for a vine
50-68 degrees fareignheit, 57 is ideal for ripening.
White: 66 degrees fareignheit
Red: 70 degrees fareignheit
103
What are polyphenols?
1. tannins
2. anthocyanins
found in:
1. skins/stems
2. inner layer of grape
104
fining agents (collage in French)
```
Bentonite clay
Egg whites
ox blood
Gelatine
Eisinglass
```
105
Examples of bacterial diseases
Pierces disease (xyllela fastidiosa bacteria)
Crown Gall
Bacterial Blight
106
What is micro ox?
Adding oxygen to wine in tank
called microbullage
107
What is the preferred wine yeast
saccharomyces-cerevisae
108
What is cryo-extraction
freezing water to remove it
109
What is concentrating the must?
Removal of water
110
What is debourbage?
settling of young wine post fermentation
111
What is centrifuge
Rapid clarification to separate solids and liquids
112
How much water is required for a productive vine?
20-30 inches annual rainfall
113
At what temperature will yeast die?
Above 113 degrees F
114
At what risk do you run with hot fermentation, over 95F?
Stuck fermentation
115
What is reverse osmosis?
Filter water out under high pressure
116
What is Hyper-Ox?
Short bursts of oxygen given to must during clarification (without SO2) for longer shelf life
117
Training methods:
118
Fungus of Oidium (Powdery Mildew)
Uncinula necator
119
Eutypa Dieback is caused by this fungus
Eutypa lata fungus
120
Black rot is caused by this fungus
Guignardia bidwelli fungus
121
Bunch rot is also known as this in its malevolent form:
Grey Rot (caused by Botrytis cinerea)
122
Crown Gall is also known as this
Black Knot
The Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacterium causes it
123
Bacterial Blight is caused by this bacterium
Xanthomonas ampelina bacterium
124
Vitis vinifera was domesticated from this wild grapvine
vitis sylvestris (Native to Europe and Western Asia)
125
What are lianas?
A species of plant like a grapevine, that needs structural support, craves sunshine
126
Wild vines are dioecious:
Male and female plants exist, rely on bees and wind for pollination
127
Cordons are horizontal extensions of this
Trunk
128
Carignan is known for producing this many clusters per shoot
three (typically two)
129
What are infloresences?
flower clusters on each fruitful shoot at the beginning of the season
130
What is the Rachis?
the stem of the grape flower cluster
131
What is the bloom
The waxy coating that covers the grape: protects the fruit from disease, prevents berry dehydration and collects yeast and microbes for fermentation
132
What is the xylem and the phloem?
xylem: carries water and nutrients from the roots
phloem: carries sugar from the leaves throughout the plant
133
Vitis has _ chromosomes (vinifera)
Muscadinia has _ chromosomes
38 (vitis)
40 (muscadinia)
134
Grape family tree
135
Alicante Bouchet is a crossing of these two grapes
Petit Bouchet
Grenache
136
Vinifiera grape varieties are organized into three proles:
**Proles pontica **(Aegean and black seas: Zinfandel, Furmint, Vermentino, jagged leaf blades)
**Proles occedentalis** (Western Europe: Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, pinot Noir, Riesling, convex leaves, small compact bunches)
**Proles Orientalis: **Middle East, Iran, Afghanistan: large leaves, bunches, berries with an oval shape. Muscat, Cinsault and most table grapes.
137
Why was the Gingin clone of Australia known for low yields?
It was confirmed to have leaf roll virus
138
When clonal selections are propagated in a nursery, how are viruses treated?
Heat treated
139
Gewurztraminer is a mutation of this grape
Savagnin Blanc
140
In the early 1800s, vinifera was interbred with these Native american grape species, resulting in varieties like Clinton, Concord, Catabwa, Delaware, Herbemont, Isabella, Niagara, Noah and Norton
Vitis labrusca
vitis aestivalis
141
French hybrids planted after phylloxera
Baco Noir and Blanc
Chambourcin
Chancellor
Couderc Noir
Plantet
Villard Noir and Blanc
Seibel
Seyval Blanc
142
These hybrid grapes are permitted by the EU for PDO wines
Regent
Rondo (Germany)
143
Common hybrids of the Americas (for winter freeze)
Vidal Blanc
Vignoles
Chambourcin
Seyval Blanc
Maréchal Foch
Cayuga White
Chardonel
Frontenac
Traminette
144
What is Japan's signature grape
Koshu
Vinifera dominant hybrid crossed with East Asian species Vitis davidii
145
American rootstocks
Vitis Riparia
Vitis Rupestris
Vitis Berlandieri
Vitis Champinii
Muscadinia Rotundifolia
Vitis Solonis
146
Vitis Riparia is native to riparian (river environments). This is a pure Riparian rootstock
Riparia Gloire
147
St George is this rootstock
Pure Vitis Rupestris
148
What is continentality
The difference between summer and winter temperatures. Continental climates have wide temperature swings throughout the year
149
How many leaves are required to ripen a cluster
12-16
150
In latitudes closer to 30, vines dont experience this:
A dormant season
151
For every 300 foot gain in elevation, temperature decreases roughly this much
1 degree fahrenheit
152
For every 1000 ft increase, there is a _ % in sun exposure
2%
153
Mitigating frost:
Site selection
Air Circulation
Sprinklers
Fans or Helicopters (disrupt inversion layer)
Heat (smudge pots or small heaters)
Pruning Methods: pre pruning vines where spurs are left long or late pruned. Sacrificial buds push early in the season
154
What are some drought resistant rootstocks
St. George
110R
140R
155
Examples of Metamorphic rock soils
slate
schist
gneiss
(have been subjected to heat and pressure)
156
what is colluvial soil
Transported by erosion and gravity
157
What is till?
Rocks and soils deposited by glaciers
158
Five factors of soil formation
Parent material
Climate
Topography
Organisms
Time
159
How many years does it take to form an inch of topsoil?
100 years
160
What is the name for a layer of sediment in soil
A horizon
(topsoil is Horizon A, for example)
Horizon B is subsoil
Horizon C is Substratum, friable rock, no roots
161
Shallow soils are not easy to dry farm: true or false
True. In the absence of a hardpan, roots dig deep
162
What is ripping
When an impenetrable layer such as hardpan limits the rooting depth, soil may be ripped prior to planting
163
What is capillary action
Attraction of water molecules to eachother and other substances
164
These parasites are fond of sandy soils
parasitic nematodes (not phyloxerra)
165
This soil is ideal for vineyards
Loam
combination of particle sizes
sand, silt, clay
166
Calcareous soil is strongly this Ph
ALKALINE
Slate is Acidic
167
Soils lower than this pH are unsuitable for farming
5
168
High pH soils (quality for winegrowing) are above this
8.5
169
soil particles have this charge
Negative
170
In acidic soils, protons or neutrons take up too much space on the CEC (Cation Exchange Capacity)
Protons
171
Acidic soil induces phosphate density where alkaline soils induce this deficiency
Iron
172
Most rootstocks are not well adapted to this pH
HIGH
Vitis Berlandieri is lime tolerant
173
Why would a farmer add calcium hydroxide to soil
"liming" to neutralize acidic soil
174
What is sodicy
considers the amount of sodium in the soil only
175
Which regions struggle with salt content in water and need Ramey stock
California Central coast
Mexico Baja
South and Western Australia
176
What is Mycorrhizae
Symbiotic associations of fungi and plant roots
177
How many essential nutrients do vines need for healthy function
17
178
Nutrients and how they affect vinifera
179
Potassium deficiency in vines can lead to this:
Elevated levels of acidity in fruit
low yield
uneven ripening
180
What is chlorosis
yellowing of leaves along leaf veins caused by nitrogen and iron deficiency
181
This can cause reddening of leaves
phosphorous and potassium deficiency, accumulation of anthocyanin
182
What is a foliar spray
Fine nutrient mist sprayed onto canopy
183
What is green manure
Incorporation of cover crops into the canopy
184
What does Bacchus Amat Colles mean
Bacchus loves the hills
185
What is grafting?
Fusing of plant tissues to two different species
Vinifera scion to non-vinifera rootstock
186
Recently this exposure type has become popular in warmer regions
Northeast-Southwest
187
What is J rooting (common cause of young vine decline)
vines are placed in holes with roots bent upward.
188
I acre produces this much wine
100-700 cases
189
1,000 vines per acre= this many vines per hectare
2,500
190
1 ton per acre= this many hl/ha of vine
11-15
191
Spur pruning is not appropriate for buds that have low fertility close to the cordon, such as these varietals
Nebbiolo
carmenere
(spur pruning can reduce their yields)
192
What is a baguette in viticulture
The new fruiting cane that is laid down every growing season in cane pruning.
193
What is a kicker cane
Sacrificial cane left on spur prune vines to devigorate the vine or avoid frost risk
194
Cane pruned vines are higher or lower vigor
lower vigor
195
Cane pruned vines are prone to apical dominance: T/F
True
196
Head trained systems in california are often used in large bunched varietals prone to this:
Rot
Zinfandel and Petite Sirah
197
What is Sylvoz training
high yielding varieties and sites
cordon trained and cane pruned
many fruiting shoots
198
Taille Chablis and Valée de la Marne training are low or high yielding?
High yielding, reduce frost damage risk
199
General rule of viticulture: height of canopy should not exceed this width
The width of the row
200
Vinifera grows vertically and will devigorate if trained downward: hybrid grapes prefer this growth
Downward
201
Example of two wire trellising
California Sprawl
202
Examples of Divided Canopy Systems
Lyre (similar to VSP)
Wye (Similar to California Sprawl)
Geneva Double Curtain (similar to highwire system)
203
quadrilateral cane pruning
Scott Henry
Two up, two down
204
Grapes most prone to Coulure
Merlot
Grenache
205
What is topping
A specific form of hedging where shoots are cut at the top to keep them from growing taller, as they won't stop and lack a terminal bud
206
High yielding varieites
Carignan
Valdigué
Grenache
Chenin Blanc
207
What is tillage
the turning over of the first 6-10 inches of soil
208
This cover crop is naturally competitive to weeds
crimson clover
(this and fava add nitrogen to soil as well)
209
What are anti nematode (xiphinema index, dagger nematode) measures
Using Mustard and 039-16 rootstock
210
This bug vectors leafroll virus
Mealybug
211
In what year was powdery mildew first described in the US
1834
ravaged Europe 10 years later
212
What fungus causes Oidium (powdery mildew
Erysiphe necator (uncinula necator)
213
Two organic biological fungicides
Sonata
Serenade
214
These grape varieties are more susceptible than others to powdery mildew
Cabernet Sauvignon
Carignan
Chardonnay
215
What causes Downy Mildew (peronospera)
Plasmopara viticola
216
Downy mildew only spreads through this medium
Water
217
Full name for Botrytis
Botrytis Cinerea
218
Ideal temp for botrytis (and all mold) to spread
65-75 degrees F
219
Botryospehaeria is this kind of disease
trunk, like esca and eutypa dieback
220
What causes Euytypa Dieback
Eutypa Lata (fungal)
221
Crown gall is called by this bacteria
allorhizobium Vitus
Most common disease, spreads through cuts in grafting
222
Bacterial blight is caused by this
Xanthomonas ampelina
Kills young shoots
223
What year was the viral disease "red blotch" discovered in California
2011
224
Organic certification organizations
USDA
Bioagricert
Agriculture Biologique
Australian Certified Organic
225
What year did Austrian Rudolf Steiner introduce Biodynamics in a series of lectures?
1924
226
How many biodynamic preparations are there
nine
227
Who is Maria Thun?
developed the biodynamic calendar in 1962
228
Biodyn and respekt-BIODYN are what
small regional appellations for biodynamic certification outside of Demeter
229
The Rodale Institute and the Weston A Price Foundation promote this
Regenerative Agriculture
230
Mimi Casteel of Hope Well vineyard in Willamette valley is a leading voice for this
Regenerative Agriculture
231
What is the Porto Protocol?
Formed in 2019. Global initiative that encourages growers to adopt practices that combat climate change
232
What is IPM
Integrated pest management
uses sexual confusion, habitat manipulation, exploiting predator-prey
233
Mitigating frost:
Site selection
Air Circulation
Sprinklers
Fans or Helicopters (disrupt inversion layer)
Heat (smudge pots or small heaters)
Pruning Methods: pre pruning vines where spurs are left long or late pruned. Sacrificial buds push early in the season
