Flashcards in Water & Electrolytes Deck (68):
1
what type of extracellular fluids are there?
Interstitial fluid Intravascular fluid
2
what are the two scenarios where Water loss exceeds intake?
– Heavy exercise
– Diarrhea`
3
what are the two things that cause dehydration?
High environmental temperatures; Water loss exceeds intake
4
who are the three groups of people at risk of dehydration?
– Infants and elderly – Athletes
5
Lance Armstrong lost how much of his body weight during
Tour de France because of dehydration?
8%
6
what are the seven functions of water?
• Structural component of all cells • Hydrolysis of digestion
• Transport of nutrients
• Medium for biological reactions • Temperature regulation
• Collection/removal of waste • Lubricant
7
what are kidneys central to? water
blood volume and pressure maintenance
8
what does the Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) do?
– Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland – Water-conserving hormone
• Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water – Events trigger thirst
9
how much water do we lose in our urine?
1000 ml
10
how much water do we lose in Insensible perspiration?
400 ml
11
how much water do we lose in Visible perspiration?
300 ml
12
how much water do we lose in the Evaporation from lungs?
300 ml
13
how much water do we lose in feces?
100 ml
14
we lose a total of how much water?
2100 ml
15
who much water should adults consume per 1000 kcal?
1000 ml
16
how much water should children consume per 1000 kcal?
1500 ml
17
what are electrolytes?
Substance that disassociates in solution into electrically charged particles ions
18
what are the two positively charged electrolytes?
sodium, potassium
19
what are the two negatively charged electrolytes?
chloride, phosphorus
20
which electrolytes are in the extracellular fluid?
sodium, chloride
21
which electrolytes are in the intracellular fluid?
potassium, phosphorus
22
what are the six causes of Fluid & Electrolyte Imbalance?
– Excessive intake
– Prolonged vomiting or diarrhea – Heavy sweating
– Burns
– Traumatic wounds – Some medications
23
what can a Fluid & Electrolyte Imbalance result in?
medical emergency
24
with Vomiting or diarrhea which electrolyte is lost?
sodium
25
with Tumor development which electrolyte is lost?
potassium
26
what are the three ways to Replace lost fluids and electrolytes?
– Plain cool water and regular foods – Special replacement fluids
27
what are the four Functions of Sodium?
Acid-base balance
Nerve impulse transmission Muscle contraction
Fluid & electrolyte balance
28
what are the two things sodium does in its function of Fluid & electrolyte balance?
• Principal cation of extracellular fluid • Primary regulator of volume
29
how does sodium travel in the blood?
freely
30
what do the kidneys do in relation to sodium?
filter out and return what is needed
31
what is hyponatremia?
sodium deficiency disease
32
what are the seven symptoms of Hyponatremia?
Nausea, vomiting, headache, confusion, spasms, coma
(brain edema), Excess water dilutes
33
what are the results of excess water diluting in Hyponatremia?
• Congestive heart failure • Overhydration >12 L/day • Cirrhosis
• Some cancers
34
what are the two instances when sodium deficiency occurs?
• Heavy sweating >3% loss of body weight
• Grazing animals where soil depleted by leaching – Mountains, Thailand
35
What are the two causes hypertension?
• 95% of hypertension cases is unknown – primary or essential hypertension
• 5% caused by kidney disease, sleep apnea, and salt sensitivity
36
what happens with hypertension?
Calcium excretion and bone loss
37
what is hypertension?
sodium toxicity disease?
38
what are the two diseases that occur with sodium toxicity?
edema, hypertension
39
what is sodium toxicity like?
acute (brief and severe)
40
whats the DRI for sodium?
1500 mg
41
whats the average intake of sodium?
3400 mg
42
what are the requirements of sodium?
500 mg
43
1 tsp of salt equals how much sodium?
2000 mg of sodium
44
what are the five food sources of sodium?
Processed foods (75%)
Table salt (15%)
Other
• Monosodium glutamate
(MSG) Asia • Soy sauce Asia • Milk
45
what are six things to not eat to restrict sodium intake?
• Monosodium glutamate • Baking powder & soda
• Brine (processed chicken) • Disodium phosphate
– Processed cheese
– Quick cooking cereals • Sodium alginate
– Chocolate milk, ice cream • Sodium benzoate
– Relish, salad dressings
46
what is potassium?
Principal intracellular cation
47
what are potassium's three roles?
– Helps maintain fluid and electrolyte balance – Helps maintain cell integrity
– Aids in nerve impulse transmission and muscle
contraction
48
what do diets rich in potassium do?
reduce risk of hypertension & perhaps, stroke
49
what are the four symptoms of potassium deficiency?
Increased risk of hypertension Irregular heartbeats
Muscle weakness
Glucose intolerance
50
whats the UL of potassium in foods?
None
51
what are the three ways to get potassium toxicity?
Overconsumption of potassium salts or supplements; injection
52
what is Hyperkalemia and what are the four symptoms?
toxicity of potassium disease
• Irregular heart beat, heart attack*
• Nausea, vomiting diarrhea
53
what happens with the kidneys in potassium toxicity?
Kidneys accelerate excretion • Disease: must limit intake
54
whats the DRI of potassium?
4700 mg
55
what are the six food sources of potassium?
Fresh foods are highest
• Parsley
• Dried apricots
• Chocolate
• Almonds & pistachios
• Bananas
• Avocados
56
whats the DASH diet?
Dietary Attempts to Stop Hypertension
57
what types of food should you increase with the DASH diet?
Increases grain products, fruits & vegetables, dairy foods, nuts, seeds & legumes!
58
what does the DASH diet lead to an increase of?
K, Ca & Mg in diet
59
what does the DASH diet do to your body?
Lowers blood pressure!
60
efficacy of the DASH diet increase when...?
salt is limited
61
what are chlorides four functions?
• Major anion of extracellular fluids
• Helps maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
• Part of hydrochloric acid
• Assists transmission of nerve impulses
62
in chlorides function of Helping to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance it does what?
– Moves passively across membranes
• Follows sodium and potassium
63
do diet lack chloride?
rarely
64
what electrolyte is deficient in new baby formula?
chloride
65
how do you get a chloride toxicity?
water deficiency
66
whats the DRI of chloride?
2300 mg
67
what are the requirements of chloride?
500 mg
68