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Human Anatomy & Kinanthropometry > Week 10 - Body Composition Assessment Methods > Flashcards

Week 10 - Body Composition Assessment Methods Flashcards

1
Q

Health related importances of body composition assessments

A

ID clients health risk associated w/ excessive low or high levels of total body fat + lean mass.

Promote clients understanding of health risks associated w/ too little or too much body fat + lean mass

Monitor changes in body comp that can improve the cond of clinical pop.

Understand + improve self-esteem + confidence at different life stages

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2
Q

Performance related importances of body composition assessments

A

ID optimal lean mass + fat mass to achieve high level perf.

Monitor growth, development + maturation in relation to body comp + athlete development

To formulate + implement effective exercise + nutrition interventions aiming to improve body comp components.

Categorise groups based on specific ref standards

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3
Q

Give a direct method of body composition measurement

A

Chemical analysis of carcasses

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4
Q

Example study of a direct method of body composition measurement

A

Brussels Cadaver Study

Carried out in vivo neutron activation + chemical analysis using radioactive isotopes.

The monitored specified the vol + densities of all tissues by weighing them underh20

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5
Q

Example study of a direct method of body composition measurement

What did the chemical analysis find?

A
  1. 6% H20
  2. 5% Protein
  3. 9% Minerals
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6
Q

INDIRECT METHODS

What densitometry methods are there for estimating body fat %

A

Hydrodensitometry

ADP (Air-displacement plethysmography)

DXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry)

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7
Q

How is body density (Db) calculated?

A

Mass / Volume

kg/L

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8
Q

What are the assumptions in densitometry

A

Fat comp = 0.9 g/ml

FF comp = 1.1 g/ml

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9
Q

What does the fat comp include

A

Adipose + neural + essential fat

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10
Q

What does the fat free comp include

A

Lean mass

Bone mass

Tendons

Organs

H20

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11
Q

What does Archimedes’ principle state

A

A body immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.

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12
Q

What is the error of method for hydrodensitometry

A

±2.5% if done w/ experienced participants.

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13
Q

What are inaccuracies in hydrodensitometry due to?

A

Variation in the density of FFM from 1 ind to another.

Age, sex + race affect the density of FFM.

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14
Q

What are the sources of error for hydrodensitometry

A

Not getting all air out

Reading scales wrong

Not using correct equation

Estimation of residual vol.

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15
Q

What does hydrodensitometry form

A

The 2C model of FM + FFM.

Determines body vol by displacing H20 + directly measuring change in H20 vol.

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16
Q

How is vol of H20 displaced calculated in hydrodensitometry

A

Body weight - (underH20 body weight / water density)

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17
Q

Equation to calculate body density in hydrodensitometry

A

Db = Wa / [(Wa - Wtw) / Dw] - (RV + Vgi)

Wa = Body weight in air 
Wtw = Body weight in H20 
Dw = Water density (~1 g/mL)
RV = Residual Vol 
Vgi = Air in GI tract
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18
Q

What is body density in H20 affected by?

A

Air in body

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19
Q

Can’t remove air from lungs in hydrodensitometry so what happens instead?

A

We determine residual vol + air in GI tract (~0.1L)

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20
Q

Equations to determine residual vol

Males

A

0.24 x VC

( 0.019 x height (cm) ) + (0.0115 x age ) - 2.24

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21
Q

Equations to determine residual vol

Females

A

0.28 x VC

( 0.023 x height (cm) ) + (0.021 x age ) - 2.978

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22
Q

Advantages of hydrodensitometry

A

Valid, reliable + widely used

Specific equations to each group

Predictive error is 1-2% or less body fat when RV is measured

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23
Q

Disadv. of hydrodensitometry

A

Time consuming

Ambulatory problems

Can be uncomfortable to blow all air out

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24
Q

What does Air-displacement Plethysmography (ADP) / BOD POD measure

A

Body vol through air displacement.

Measures pressure changes w/ injection of known vol of air into closed chamber.

— The large body vol displaces air vol in chamber to result in bigger ⬆️ in pressure w/ injection of known vol of air.

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25
Q

Boyles law

A

Pressure + vol of a given mass of confined gas are inversely proportional.

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26
Q

Adv to Air-displacement Plethysmography (ADP) / BOD POD

A

Subject acceptability

Precise

Less time consuming than hydrodensitometry + req less technical skills

More accommodating + available

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27
Q

Disadv to Air-displacement Plethysmography (ADP) / BOD POD

A

Expensive - £20-25k

Assumes that it controls the isothermal effects of clothing, hair, thoracic gas vol…

Assumes constant density of FFM + FM for pred of % body fat from whole body density

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28
Q

Why is Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) a multi compartmental model

A

Has 2 different energy level x-rays

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29
Q

Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA)

A

Lean, fat + bone mass each reduce the x-ray signal for each point in the image + calculated by direct comparison standards.

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30
Q

How is the Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) a clinical relevant device

A

For the assessment + diagnosis of osteoporosis

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31
Q

What results does the Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) provide you with?

A

whole body + site specific results

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32
Q

Give examples of doubly indirect methods

A

BMI

Circumferences + girths

Skinfolds

Bioelectrical impedance analysis

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33
Q

List some anthropometric methods

A

Circumference/girth

Bony diameters

BMI

Waist:Hip

Waist:Height

Sagittal Abdominal Diameter (SAD)

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34
Q

What do anthropometric prediction equations estimate?

A

Db

%BF

FFM

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35
Q

Adv of Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA)

A

Accurate + considered the ‘Gold Standard’

Clinical measurement of osteoporosis

Quick + safe

Minimal subject cooperation

Low radiation exposure

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36
Q

Disadv Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA)

A

Expensive - £35-40k

Limited Access

Result may vary w/ model, software version…

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37
Q

What type of measure is the Waist:HIP (WHR)

A

Indirect measure of fat distribution

Calculated as: Waist circumference (cm) / Hip circumference (cm)

38
Q

What is an issue with Waist:HIP (WHR)

A

Location of waist isn’t universally standardised.

39
Q

Which men are at high risk for adverse health consequences based on Waist:HIP (WHR)

A

w/ WHR values >0.94

40
Q

Which women are at high risk for adverse health consequences based on Waist:HIP (WHR)

A

w/ WHR values >0.82

41
Q

Diasdv Waist:HIP (WHR)

A

WHR of women is affected by menopausal status — postmenopausal women show more of a male pattern of fat distribution than premenopausal women.

Not valid for evaluating fat distribution in pre-pubertal children.

Accuracy of WHR in assessing visceral fat decr as fatness incr.

Hip circumference is influenced by ONLY subcutaneous fat whereas waist by visceral + subcutaneous fat. — WHR may not accurately detect changes in visceral fat accumulation.

42
Q

Waist:Height (WHTR)

A

Could be a better indicator of adiposity + health risks than waist circumference alone.

43
Q

What is the general rule for Waist:Height (WHTR)

A

Waist circumference should be less than half the height.

44
Q

What is the cutoff boundary value of WHTR due to indicating an incr. health risk

A

WHTR>0.50

45
Q

Adv of BMI

A

Quick to calculate + don’t need technical knowledge

Widely used to predict CV disease + type 2 diabetes

Basic equipment needed

Not expensive

46
Q

Disadv of BMI

A

Doesn’t count for composition of the body

Possible misclassification

Other anthropometric indices need to be used to assess fat distribution

BMI cutoff to define obesity may not be appropriate

47
Q

What does Sagittal Abdominal Diameter (SAD) measure

A

Visceral obesity

Amount of fat in gut region

48
Q

What do the Sagittal Abdominal Diameter (SAD) results indicate

A

<25cm = Normal BMI

> 30cm = incr. risk of coronary disease

49
Q

% BF Siri (1961) equation

A

(4.95 / Db - 4.50) x 100

50
Q

% BF Brozek + colleagues (1963) equation

A

(4.57 / Db - 4.142) x 100

51
Q

Adv of the SKF method

A

Measures subcutaneous fat

Useful for large groups

Portable

Not expensive - £10-500

Validated vs hydrodensitometry method

52
Q

Disadv of SKF method

A

Pressure differences in different callipers

Subject factors i.e compressibility of SKF

Prediction equation - Valuable only for the population that were used to derive them

53
Q

What is needed to ensure low intra-testing + inter-testing technical error of measurement ?

A

Training

54
Q

What must the intra-tester be?

A

<10% iSAK

55
Q

What must the inter-tester be?

A

<12.5% ISAK

56
Q

What are population specific %BF equations based on?

A

Linear relationship between SKF fat + Db (linear model)

57
Q

Where is there a curvilinear relationship?

A

(Quadratic model)

Between SKFs + Db across a large range of body fatness.

58
Q

When might using population specific equations underestimate %BF?

A

In fatter subjects

59
Q

When might using population specific equations overestimate %BF?

A

In leaner subjects

60
Q

What assumptions are there in the SKF?

A

Fat patterning

Relationship between internal + external fat

Skin thickness

SKF compressibility

Lipid fraction of adipose tissue

H20 content of adipose tissue

61
Q

What does the Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) measure

A

Impedance by body tissues to the flow of a small alternating electrical current (<1mA)

62
Q

What is impedance a function of?

A

Electrical resistance of tissue

Electrical storage of tissue (reactance)

63
Q

BIA frequencies

Low freq

A

(50kHz)

Don’t have enough energy to pass through cell walls easily

64
Q

BIA freq

What are lower freq better suited to measuring?

A

Extracellular H20

65
Q

BIA freq

High freq

A

Can measure intra + extracellular H20

Suited to penetrating cell walls

66
Q

What are the 3 major types of BIA analysers

A

Omron

Tanita

Bodystat

67
Q

What do Omron BIA devices measure?

A

ONLY impedance in arms + upper body

68
Q

Direct Segmental Multi-free BIA (DSM-BIA)

A

Analyse body in 5 distinct sections independently:

  • 2 arms
  • 2 legs
  • torso
69
Q

Adv to BIA

A

Portable + convenient

Quick test time - 5 mins

Privacy not compromised

Rel cheap - £250-1000

Beginning to develop specific equations - can get resistance value from machine + enter into a specific equation

70
Q

Disadv to BIA

A

Accuracy + precision is affected by changes in body H20

Sensitive to body temp

Lower precision than DXA + ADP/ BOD POD

Tends to overestimate body fat in very lean muscular ppl + underestimate % fat in obese

71
Q

Typical BIA Equations

Females FFM

A

(-9.53 + 0.69xHt^2) / (R + 0.17xW + 0.02 x R)

W = Body weight (kg)
R = Resistance (ohms)
72
Q

Typical BIA Equations

Males FFM

A

(-10.68 + 0.65 x H^2) / (R + 0.26 x W + 0.02 x R)

W = Body weight (kg)
R = Resistance (ohms)
73
Q

What do girths measure + how?

A

Measure impedance by body tissues to flow of a small alternating electrical current (<1mA)

74
Q

Where should the measuring tape be held when taking girths

A

Perpendicular to limb or body segment being measured.

75
Q

List the sites for measuring girths

A 
Waist 
Hip 
Mid-abdominal 
Neck 
Arm relaxed 
Arm flexed &amp; tense 
Calf 
Max forearm 
Mid thigh 
Max upper arm
76
Q

Location for taking waist girth

A

“Stand erect w/ abdomen relaxed, arms crossed at chest + feet together.

Measurer faces subject laterally + places tape measure around subject in horizontal plane at level of natural waist. “

77
Q

Location for taking hip girth

A

“Stand w/ arms crossed at chest + feet together in anatomical position.

Measure squats at side of subject so level of max width of buttocks can be seen.

Tape measure is placed around buttocks in horizontal plane at this level w/out compressing the skin. “

78
Q

Location for taking mid-abdominal girth

A

Taken at level of the naval.

79
Q

Location for taking neck girth

A

Taken inferior to larynx w/ tape

80
Q

Location for taking arm relaxed girth

A

Circumference of arm at level of midacromialeradiale site.

Subject is standing in relaxed position w/ arms by side. Right arm - slightly adducted to allow tape to be passed round the arm.

81
Q

Location for taking arm flexed + tense girth

A

“Circ. of arm perpendicular to long axis of arm at level of peak of contracted biceps brachial when arm is raised anteriorly to the horizontal.

Subject raises right arm anteriorly to horizontal w/ forearm supinated + flexed at 90 degrees.

Subject is requested to partially contract their bicep + tape is placed over largest part.

When taking reading, subjects is asked to fully contract bicep + largest circumference is recorded. “

82
Q

Location for taking calf girth

A

“Circ/ of calf at site of medial calf SKF.

Subject stands erect, feet 10cm apart + weight evenly distributed; measurer crouches to right side + moves tape up + down calf perpendicular to long axis until greatest circumference is located. “

83
Q

Location for taking max forearm girth

A

“Max circ. at proximal part of forearm (usually w/in 5cm of elbow).

Subject stands erect w/ arm extended in horizontal place w/ hand supinated; measurer stands behind arm + moves tape up + down forearm until max circ. is located. “

84
Q

Location for taking mid thigh girth

A

“Girth taken at midpoint between trochanterion + tibiale lateral.

Subject stands erect, feet 10cm apart + weight evenly distributed, measurer stands to right side, palpates + marks trochanterion + tibiale lateraled.

Midpoint is found using tape, girth is taken at that level, perpendicular to long axis of thigh. “

85
Q

Location for taking max upper arm girth

A

”
Girth measurement of upper arm at insertion of deltoid muscle.

Subject stands erect w/ arm abducted to horizontal, measurer stands behind arm of subject, marks insertion of deltoid muscle + measures girth perpendicular to long axis of arm. “

86
Q

In Air-displacement Plethysmography (ADP) / BOD POD what does a smaller body vol result in?

A

Less ⬆️ in pressure

87
Q

Why can accurate estimates of skeletal muscle mass be made using BIA?

A

Due to skeletal muscle being an electrolyte-rich tissue

88
Q

What anthropometric equations would you use to calculate muscle mass

A

Matiegka (1921) (in vitro derived equation)

Lee et al. (2000) (in vivo derived equation)

Martin et al. (1990-MALES ONLY) (in vitro derived equation)

89
Q

What BIA equation would you use to calculate muscle mass

A

Janssen et al. (2000) (in vivo derived equation)

90
Q

What equation do you use to calculate average muscle mass

A

Lee et al. (2000) (in vivo derived equation)

91
Q

What anthropometric equations would you use to calculate skeletal muscle mass?

A

Matiegka (1921) (in vitro derived equation)

Drinkwater et al. (1986) (in vitro derived equation)

Human Anatomy & Kinanthropometry (27 decks)

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