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Human Anatomy & Kinanthropometry > Week 7 - Heart > Flashcards

Week 7 - Heart Flashcards

1
Q

How many lobes are there in the left lung

A

2

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2
Q

Which vena cava does NOT go through the diaphragm?

A

Superior vena cava

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3
Q

Location of the heart

A

Rests on diaphragm near midline of thoracic cavity + lies in mediastinum.

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4
Q

Define pericardium

A

Membrane surrounding + protecting heart.

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5
Q

What 2 parts does the pericardium consist of?

A

Outer fibrous pericardium

Inner serous pericardium

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6
Q

What is the superficial outer fibrous pericardium composed of?

A

Tough, inelastic, dense irregular connective tissue.

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7
Q

What is the function of the superficial outer fibrous pericardium?

A

Prevents over-stretching of heart

Provides protection

Anchors heart in mediastinum

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8
Q

Location of fibrous pericardium

A

Near apex of heart

Partially fused to central tendon of diaphragm

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9
Q

Describe the deeper/inner serous pericardium

A

Thinner

More delicate membrane

Double layer around heart.

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10
Q

What is the outer parietal layer of serous pericardium fused to?

A

Fibrous pericardium

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11
Q

Inner visceral layer of serous pericardium a.k.a epicardium

A

Adheres tightly to surface of heart.

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12
Q

Define pericardial fluid

A

⬇️ friction between layers of serous pericardium as heart moves.

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13
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall

A

Epicardium (external)

Myocardium (middle)

Endocardium (inner)

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14
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of pericardium

Build up of pericardial fluid

Squeezes myocardium

Heart can’t contract fully

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15
Q

What does the epicardium contain

A

Bv

Lymphatics

Vessels that supply the myocardium

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16
Q

What is the myocardium responsible for?

A

Pumping action of heat

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17
Q

What is the myocardium composed of

A

Cardiac muscle tissue.

It’s muscle fibres are wrapped + bundled w. connective tissue sheaths composed of endomysium + perimysium.

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18
Q

Function of endocardium

A

Provides smooth lining for chambers of heart

Minimises surface friction as blood passes through

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19
Q

Auricles of the heart

A

Anterior surface of each atrium

Wrinkled pouch like structure

Slightly ⬆️ capacity of each atrium

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20
Q

Sulci of the heart

A

Grooves containing bv + fat

Separate chambers

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21
Q

Simple blood flow order

A

Vena cava

Tricuspid valve

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Pulmonary artery

Pulmonary veins

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

Aortic valve

Aorta

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22
Q

Location of right atrium

A

Anterior upper medial surface of heart.

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23
Q

How thick is right atrium

A

2-3mm

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24
Q

Where does the right atrium receive blood from?

A

Superior + inferior vena cava

Coronary sinus

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25
Q

Define interatrial septum

A

Thin partition between right + left atrium.

26
Q

How thick is the right ventricle

A

4-5mm

27
Q

From how many pulmonary veins does the left atrium receive blood?

A

4

28
Q

What is the wall like anteriorly + posteriorly of the left atrium

A

Smooth

29
Q

What does blood pass through to get from left atrium to left ventricle

A

Bicuspid valve

30
Q

How thick is the left ventricle

A

10-15mm

Thickest chamber

31
Q

Where does blood pass through from left ventricle

A

Aortic valve –> ascending aorta.

Some in aorta flows into coronary arteries which branch from ascending aorta + carry blood to heart wall.

Remainder passes into arch of aorta + descending aorta.

32
Q

What happens to the AV when open?

A

Rounded ends of cusps project into ventricle

33
Q

What happens to the papillary muscles + chordae tendineae when ventricles are relaxed?

A

Papillary muscles are relaxed

Chordae tendineae are slack

34
Q

What happens to the papillary muscles + chordae tendineae when ventricles contract?

A

Papillary muscles contract = pulling on + tightening chordae tendineae.

– Preventing valve cusps from everting in response to high ventricular pressure.

35
Q

What happens if AV valves or chordae tendineae are damaged

A

Blood may regurgitate into atria when ventricles contract.

36
Q

What are the SL valves made up of?

A

3 crescent moon-shaped cusps

37
Q

Define pacemaker potential

A

Spontaneous depolarisation of the SA node cells

38
Q

What happens when pacemaker pot reaches threshold

A

Triggers AP

39
Q

1st step to the conduction system

A

AP from SAN propagates throughout both atria via gap junctions in intercalated discs of atrial muscle fibres = Atria contract simultaneously.

40
Q

2nd step to the conduction system

A

AP reaches AVN

Slows due to differences in cell structure

= Time for atria to empty blood into ventricles.

41
Q

3rd step to conduction system

A

AP enters AV bundle/Bundle of His, then both right + left bundle branches.

42
Q

4th step to the conduction system

A

Purkinje fibres rapidly conduct AP from apex of heart up to remainder of ventricular myocardium = ventricles contract = pushing blood up toward SL valves.

43
Q

Define ECGs

A

Record of AP produced by all heart muscle fibres during each HB.

Instrument used = electrocardiogram

44
Q

What does an ECG enable one to determine?

A

If conducting pathway is normal

If heart is enlarged

If certain regions of heart are damaged

Cause of chest pain

45
Q

Why is the T wave smaller + wider than the QRS complex

A

Due to reploraization occurring slower than depolarisation.

46
Q

Where do the coronary arteries branch from

A

Ascending aorta + encircle the heart.

47
Q

Why does blood flow into the coronary arteries when heart is contracting

A

Due to being squeezed shut

48
Q

Where does the left coronary artery pass?

A

Inferior to left auricle

49
Q

Anterior interventricular branch / Left anterior descending (LAD) artery

A

Supplies O2-blood to walls of both ventricles.

50
Q

Where does the circumflex branch lie?

A

In the coronary sulcus

51
Q

What does the right coronary artery do?

A

Supplies small atrial branches to right atrium.

52
Q

Location of Posterior interventricular branch

A

Follows posterior interventricualr sulcus

53
Q

Where does the Marginal branch run?

A

Along right margin of heart

54
Q

Coronary Veins

A

Most of the deO2-blood from myocardium drains into a large vascular sinus in the sulcus on posterior surface of heart called coronary sinus

55
Q

What is blood flow to coronary circulation controlled by?

A

Primarily by metabolites.

Minor role of sympathetic — vasodilate.

Minor control parasympathetic — Vasoconstrict.

56
Q

Detailed blood flow order

A

Blood —> inferior + superior vena cava.

Deposited into right atrium — also comes here from coronary blood supply via coronary sinus.

From this chamber blood will go through tricuspid valve —> right ventricle.

Blood —> pulmonary artery though pulmonary SL valve.

After going round pulmonary circulation, blood is returned to heart in pulmonary veins.

Blood in left atrium —> bicuspid valve —> left ventricle.

Blood —> aortic SL valve —> aorta.

57
Q

Sounds for the heart beat

A

S1 - Cupsid valves close - lubb

S1 - SL valves close - dubb

S3 - Ventricular filling

S4 - Atrial systole

58
Q

Where do you listen to the heart

A

2nd intercostal left + right

Left 4th intercostal sternal border

Left 5th intercostal mid clavicular line

59
Q

Where does the circumflex branch distribute O2-blood to?

A

Walls of left ventricle + left atrium.

60
Q

Where can the right coronary artery be found?

A

Inferiorly to right auricle

Divides into posterior inter ventricular + marginal branches.

61
Q

What does the Posterior interventricular branch do?

A

Supplies walls of ventricles w/ O2 blood.

62
Q

What does the marginal branch do?

A

Transports O2-blood to wall of right ventricle.

Human Anatomy & Kinanthropometry (27 decks)

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