Week 9 - Diseases of lungs, heart, bv & blood

Question 1

List some diseases of the lungs

Answer 1

Asthma

Iron lungs

COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)

Question 2

List some diseases of the heart

Answer 2

Heart Murmurs

Cardiomyopathy

Question 3

List some diseases of the blood vessels

Answer 3

Atherosclerosis

Question 4

List some diseases of the blood

Answer 4

Iron deficient anaemia

Sickle cell anaemia

Haemophilia

Question 5

Asthma

Answer 5

Can be allergen or exercise related.

For allergens, the immune response is IGE / immunoglobulin E.

Question 6

What happens to the smooth muscle in the airway in asthma?

Answer 6

Spasms + contracts = getting bigger + clamping down on airway = smaller lumen.

Question 7

What happens to the mucosal layer in the airway in asthma?

Answer 7

Swells + become an amorphous shape.

Mucous glands swell + secrete more mucus.

Question 8

Iron lungs

Answer 8

Mid 1990s - Polio

Question 9

What does iron lungs/polio do?

Answer 9

Attacks CNS

Question 10

What could iron lungs / polio result in?

Answer 10

Paralysis

If it affected the lungs = can’t breath

Question 11

Treatment for iron lungs / polio

Answer 11

Sealed chamber

Pump used to change air pressure in chamber

Resulting in pressure ion lungs changing

Lung pressure less than outside air = Ain in.

Question 12

What is COPD

Answer 12

A progressive lung disease

Question 13

What are the types of COPD

Answer 13

Emphysema

Chronic Bronchitis

Question 14

How can emphysema + chronic bronchitis be caused

Answer 14

Chemical inhalation

Smoking

Question 15

What happens in emphysema

Answer 15

Alveoli are destroyed

Lose elasticity

Question 16

What happens in chronic bronchitis

Answer 16

Inflammation of bronchial tube lining

Question 17

What is the result of emphysema

Answer 17

Difficulty in exhaling

Question 18

What is the result of chronic bronchitis

Answer 18

Mucus makes it difficult to breath = limited O2 intake

Question 19

What does emphysema + chronic bronchitis lead to?

Answer 19

E = Progressively worsens over time

CB = Leads to right sided heart failure + oedema

Question 20

What is oedema

Answer 20

Fluid retention in the body

Question 21

What are the 2 names for people w/ COPD

Answer 21

Pink puffers

Blue bloaters

Question 22

Things to look for in pink puffers

Answer 22

Pink skin

Minimal cough

Cachetic appearance

Quiet breathing

Barrel chested

⬆️ minute ventilation

Tachypnea

Question 23

Tachypnea

Answer 23

Abnormally rapid breathing

Question 24

Things to look for in blue bloaters

Answer 24

Chronic productive cough

Crackles + wheezes

Obesity

Sputum

Peripheral oedema

Cyanosis

Question 25

What can heart murmurs be classified as?

Answer 25

Stenosis Regurgitation

Question 26

Define stenosis

Answer 26

Valve doesn’t open properly

Question 27

What happens if stenosis occurs in the aortic valve

Answer 27

Aortic stenosis In which you would hear weird sounds as the blood isn’t getting into the carotid artery properly.

Question 28

Define regurgitation

Answer 28

Valve doesn’t close properly. Bf can go back through valve, and you can have a valve prolapse

Question 29

Define valve prolapse

Answer 29

valve closes the wrong way meaning there could be a leakage or back flow of blood.

Question 30

What happens during SI of the heart sounds

Answer 30

Cuspid valves close

Question 31

What happens during S2 of the heart sounds

Answer 31

SL valves close

Question 32

What happens between SI + S2 of the heart sounds

Answer 32

Systole

Question 33

What happens between S2 + S1 of the heart sounds

Answer 33

Diastole

Question 34

If there's a problem during systole, what possible causes to that could there be?

Answer 34

Could have: Aortic or pulmonary stenosis OR bicuspid or tricuspid regurgitation. — Also where you would hear that mitral valve prolapse

Question 35

If there are weird sounds during diastole, what possible causes to that could there be?

Answer 35

Aortic / pulmonary regurgitation or tricuspid stenosis.

Question 36

Cardiomyopathy

Answer 36

Disease of cardiac muscles Affects ability of heart to pump

Question 37

Who is cardiomyopathy more common for

Answer 37

Children / younger ind.

Question 38

What is cardiomyopathy generally not caused by

Answer 38

Coronary artery disease high bp Valvular disease Congenital heart disease

Question 39

What are the 5 types of cardiomyopathy

Answer 39

Hypertrophic Dilated Restricted Arrhythmogenic right ventricular Takotsubo / Broken heart

Question 40

What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 40

Excess thickening of cardiac muscles

Question 41

What are the causes to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 41

No obvious cause

Question 42

What is the result of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 42

Chambers can't hold as much blood == Less blood being pumped to body in 1

Question 43

What is dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 43

Heart enlarges or dilates

Question 44

What are the causes to dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 44

Generally unknown But can happen in older ind. + caused by excess alcohol

Question 45

What are the results of dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 45

Weakens heart --> failure

Question 46

What is restricted cardiomyopathy

Answer 46

Walls stiffen

Question 47

What are the causes to restricted cardiomyopathy

Answer 47

Unknown

Question 48

What are the results to restricted cardiomyopathy

Answer 48

Restricted bf through heart = problems to rest of body

Question 49

What is Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

Answer 49

Cardiac muscle gradually replaced by fibrous + fatty tissue

Question 50

What are the causes of Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

Answer 50

Inherited

Question 51

What are the results to Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

Answer 51

Heart dilates + pumping action is weakened

Question 52

What is "Takotsubo | (Broken heart)"

Answer 52

Left ventricle swells, changes shape.

Question 53

What are the causes to "Takotsubo | (Broken heart)"

Answer 53

Emotional or physical stress

Question 54

What are the results of "Takotsubo | (Broken heart)"

Answer 54

Reduced bf to body = red. O2 + nutrients

Question 55

What else is there to know about "Takotsubo | (Broken heart)"

Answer 55

Reversible Short lived

Question 56

What are the 5 artery types

Answer 56

Branch Coronary Iliac Renal Femoral

Question 57

Where do branch arteries deliver blood to + what is the result when they're damaged

Answer 57

Brain Stroke

Question 58

Where do CORONARY arteries deliver blood to + what is the result when they're damaged

Answer 58

Heart Heart attack

Question 59

Where do iliac arteries deliver blood to + what is the result when they're damaged

Answer 59

Hips + legs Leg pain when walking (claudication)

Question 60

Where do renal arteries deliver blood to + what is the result when they're damaged

Answer 60

Kidneys High bp Kidney failure

Question 61

Where do femoral arteries deliver blood to + what is the result when they're damaged

Answer 61

Leg Claudication Amputation

Question 62

What is atherosclerosis

Answer 62

Growth of fatty streak or lesions w/in bv.

Question 63

What can damage by atherosclerosis mean

Answer 63

That the elastic recoil function of elastic arteries doesn’t happen. = Blood travels in spurts.

Question 64

Treatments to atherosclerosis

Answer 64

Angioplasty | Balloon or stent version

Question 65

Why might iron deficient anaemia occur

Answer 65

Not enough blood Haemorrhaged Insufficient Hb

Question 66

Treatment to iron deficient anaemia

Answer 66

Blood transfusion Taking more iron Altering diet

Question 67

Issues w/ iron deficient anaemia

Answer 67

Tired due to difficult to get O2 to working muscles, shortness of breath + incr. susceptibility to infection. Cold hands + feet, pale appearance + red bit of eye could become a lot lighter.

Question 68

Sickle cell anaemia

Answer 68

Genetic disease RBC changes shape to sickle shape = can’t carry as much O2 + can result in blood clot due to getting stuck in bv.

Question 69

Haemophilia

Answer 69

More likely top affect males as it affects X chromosome - men only have 1. Inherited Lack a clotting factor

Question 70

What are the 2 types of haemophilia

Answer 70

Type A - low blood clotting factor , factor 8 Type B - low levels of blood clotting, factor 9. - Need to take clotting factors.

Question 71

Asthma For allergens, the immune response is IGE / immunoglobulin E. What do they do?

Answer 71

Attach to a mast cell so the antigen will attach to the IGE antibodies, causing mast cell (full of histamines) to release them into the blood. == Causing allergic reaction in airways for asthmatics.