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Human Anatomy & Kinanthropometry > Week 11 - Muscle & Skeletal Mass Assessment > Flashcards

Week 11 - Muscle & Skeletal Mass Assessment Flashcards

1
Q

Average muscle mass (MM) % for women

A

33-36%

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2
Q

Average muscle mass (MM) % for men

A

40-42%

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3
Q

What changes are there to muscle w/ age?

A

Loss of muscular fibres

Loss of motor neurones at spinal cord level

Type II fibres = 60%–>30%

⬆️ replacement of muscle w. fat

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of fat according to region?

A

Subcutaneous/ Superficial belly fat

Visceral/Deep belly fat

Retroperitoneal (back) fat

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5
Q

What is the primary determinant of strength?

A

MM

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6
Q

Why are obese people stronger than thinner people?

A

Have higher lean mass.

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7
Q

Why are men stronger than women at the same weight?

A

They have proportionally more lean mass than women

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8
Q

What is sarcopenia?

A

Syndrome characterised by progressive + generalised loss of skeletal MM + strength.

Strictly correlated w/ physical disability, poor quality of life + death.

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9
Q

What are the risk factors for sarcopenia

A

Age

Gender

Level of PA

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10
Q

What % of bone mass is accrued by the end of adolescence?

A

80-90%

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11
Q

What % of MM is high risk in women?

A

Less than or equal to 5.75 kg/m^2

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12
Q

What % of MM is high risk in men?

A

Less than or equal to 8.50 kg/m^2

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13
Q

What % of MM is moderate risk in women?

A

5.76-6.75 kg/m^2

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14
Q

What % of MM is moderate risk in men?

A

8.51 - 10.75 kg/m^2

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15
Q

What changes are there to muscle metabolism w/ age?

A

⬆️ mit. DNA mutation

40%⬇️ in muscle mit. protein synthesis

⬇️ in myosin heavy chain synth.

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16
Q

Why is there a 40% ⬇️ in muscle mit. protein synthesis?

A

⬇️ oxidative phosphorylation + ATP generation

= Fatiguability

17
Q

What can be used to estimate skeletal MM?

A

Anthropometric measures

18
Q

What anthropometric measures of muscularity are there?

A

Matiegka (1921)

Martin et al. (1990)

Lee et al. (2000)

19
Q

What measures are needed to use Matiegka (1921) equation?

A

Height

Max arm girth (triceps SKF)

Max forearm girth (2forearm SKFs - lateral + anterior)

Mid thigh girth (thigh SKF)

Max calf girth (medial calf SKF)

20
Q

What is the Matiegka (1921) equation?

A

MM (kg) = Sum of 4 limb girths corrected by SKF / 8 x height x 6.5 x 0.001

21
Q

What is the theory of predicting skeletal MM based on?

A

Corrected diameters of limbs to get muscle cross-sectional area (CSA).

22
Q

What happens to MM between the ages of 30-65

A

Gradual decline

~ 1-2%/year

23
Q

How is muscle area calculated?

A

pi x ( (circumference/2xpi) - (SKF / 2) ) ^2

24
Q

What assumptions are there to calculating muscle area?

A

Perimeters (limb girths) are circular

1 or 2 SKF are representative of the entire subcutaneous layer of that section

25
Q

What assessment methods are used for FM + FFM?

A

Body composition

26
Q

Assessment method - MRI

What is this used for?

A

Adipose tissue

SkeletalMM

Organ + other soft tissue

Other

27
Q

Assessment method - Dual X-ray Absorptiometry

What is this used for?

A

FM, Estimated Skeletal MM, organ + other soft tissue, bone mineral content

FM, non-bone lean body mass + bone mineral content

28
Q

How electrolyte rich is skeletal muscle?

A

Electrolyte-rich w/ low resistance

29
Q

Compare how electricity flows between muscle body H20 + fat

When using BIA

A

Muscle body H20:

  • Low resistance + impedance
    = Electricity flows easily = Conductor

Fat:

  • High resistance + impedance
    = Electricity doesn’t flow = Insulator
30
Q

Is FFM the same as Skeletal MM?

A

NO

31
Q

What % of females FFM is Skeletal MM

A

47%

32
Q

What % of males FFM is Skeletal MM

A

53%

33
Q

What assumption is there when using stature + bone breadths to predicts skeletal mass?

A

Constant body density

34
Q

Approx what % of body mass is skeletal mass?

A

10-18%

35
Q

Equations for stature + bone breadths to predict skeletal mass

A

Matiegka (1921) - F+M

Drinwater et al. (1986) - F+M

36
Q

Equations for stature + bone breadths to predict skeletal mass

Matiegka (1921) - F+M

S (kg)

A

[ (Humerus BB + Wrist BB + Femur BB + Ankle BB) / 4 ] x 2 x ht x 1.2kg x 0.001

37
Q

Equations for stature + bone breadths to predict skeletal mass

Matiegka (1921) - F+M

S (%)

A

(S kg / body mass) x 100

38
Q

What 3 stages can be used to ID the stages of bone mass

A

<17 yrs = Growth

18-35 yrs = Consolidation

> 40 yrs = Involution

Human Anatomy & Kinanthropometry (27 decks)

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