Week 11

Question 1

What are the basic functions of the Superior Longitudinal muscle?

Answer 1

Shortens the tongue by contracting, pulls tip upward and downward, makes dorsal surface of tongue concave

Question 2

Which of the following tongue movements or speech gestures most likely requires
activation of the superior longitudinal muscle?
A Flattening the tongue blade
B Curling the tongue tip upward
C Pulling the tongue upward and backward
D Pulling the tongue forward

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What are the basic functions of the Inferior Longitudinal muscle?

Answer 3

Pulls tongue tip downward by contracting, gives tongue convex shape

Question 4

True or false, the alveolar tap likely involves the inferior longitudinal muscle during articulation

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Where does the transverse muscle originate and insert

Answer 5

originates at the lingual septum inserts into the lingual margin (= lateral edge of
the tongue)

Question 6

What are the basic functions of the Transverse muscle?

Answer 6

narrows the tongue side-to-side, elongates and vertically thickens the tongue, helps in protrusion

Question 7

What are the basic functions of the Vertical muscle?

Answer 7

▶ Pulls the upper surface of the tongue downward.
▶ The contraction of the vertical muscles flattens and widens the tongue.
▶ This action is somewhat opposite to that of the transverse muscle.

Question 8

What is the location and structure of the Superior Longitudinal Muscle

Answer 8

▶ this muscle lies immediately beneath the mucous membrane on the upper surface of
the tongue,
▶ runs along the length of the tongue,
▶ consists of muscle fibers that run longitudinally from the root to the apex of the
tongue

Question 9

What is the location and structure of the Inferior Longitudinal muscle

Answer 9

▶ located along the underside of the tongue,
▶ runs along either side of the genioglossus, medial to the hyoglossus muscles
▶ this muscle extends from the root towards the apex.
▶ it runs parallel to the superior longitudinal muscle but on the tongue’s under surface.

Question 10

Say the word “moth”. Which one is true about the intrinsic muscles of the tongue for
the last consonant? (Choose the best option!)
A both verticalis and superior longitudinals are active
B both transversus and inferior longitudinals are active
C verticalis is active but superior longitudinals are not
D transversus is active but inferior longitudinals are not

Answer 10

A or C depending on how you speak but usually A

Question 11

Which sequence should have an activation of the superior longitudinal muscles
A [ka-ka-ka-ka]
B [ma-ma-ma-ma]
C [la-la-la-la]
D [ba-ba-ba-ba]

Answer 11

C

Question 12

Why is tongue bracing important

Answer 12

▶ Stability and Precision: Bracing provides an anchor, enhancing the precision of
sound production, especially in rapid or complex speech.
▶ Efficient Speech Production: By limiting movement options, bracing simplifies
control over the tongue, facilitating more efficient speech articulation.
▶ Feedback for Adjustment: Offers crucial somatosensory feedback, aiding in the
adjustment of tongue position and movement for accurate sound articulation.

Question 13

What is tongue bracing

Answer 13

Contact made by the tongue with surfaces within the
oral cavity, such as molars or other teeth and palate regions, alongside the primary
articulation.

Question 14

What are key functions of tongue bracing

Answer 14

Key functions include forcing airflow through specific locations, maintaining
stability and accuracy, and reducing the tongue’s degrees of freedom.

Question 15

What is lateral bracing

Answer 15

Sides of the tongue contacting the inner sides of the
teeth or the upper lateral regions of the mouth

Question 16

What is lateral bracing used for

Answer 16

▶ This bracing is crucial for sounds requiring airflow to be directed along the
tongue’s midline (along back to front).
▶ Provides a mechanism for achieving different shapes of the tube-like cavity by
stabilizing the tongue in the back

Question 17

What is medial bracing

Answer 17

Tongue makes contact with the roof of the mouth
along its center

Question 18

What is medial bracing used for

Answer 18

▶ Essential for sounds that direct airflow laterally along the sides of the tongue, such
as lateral fricatives and lateral approximants.
▶ Provides a mechanism for achieving a tight central seal while allowing air to escape
laterally.

Question 19

Which type of bracing is more prevalent in speech you think?
A. Medial bracing
B. Lateral bracing
C. Both are approximately the same

Answer 19

B

Question 20

Which of the following sound involves medial bracing:
A. [j]
B. [l]
C. [n]
D. [v]

Answer 20

B

Question 21

What are approximant constrictions

Answer 21

Lingual constrictions that are not tight enough to disrupt airflow

Question 22

What are turbulent constrictions

Answer 22

Tight constriction and specific tongue shapes
that accelerate airflow, causing turbulence

Question 23

Does the degree of turbulence increase or decrease with constriction?

Answer 23

The degree of turbulence increases with the constriction, reaching a critical point
that maximizes turbulence for that location

Question 24

What is the tongue shape for the sh sound?

Answer 24

domed anterior tongue shape to distribute airflow

Question 25

How is the medial groove created when producing [s]?

Answer 25

Use genioglossus muscle to create a medial groove

Question 26

True or false: Lateral fricatives can be produced both symmetrically and asymetrically

Answer 26

True; Lateral fricatives can be produced symmetrically (bilaterally) or asymmetrically (unilaterally), with airflow focused to create turbulence

Question 27

How are periodic constrictions created

Answer 27

Requires a narrow constriction, proper airway shape behind the constriction, and specific tenseness in the vibrating body

Question 28

What sounds do periodic constrictions correspond to

Answer 28

Periodic constrictions can result in a trill of the anterior tongue under certain conditions, similar to vocal fold phonation

Question 29

How is the degree of constriction for stops or plosives

Answer 29

▶ Stops or plosives are characterized by the narrowest degree of consonant constriction, creating complete closure that prevents airflow. ▶ The tongue must compress against an opposing surface to withstand air pressure and create a tight seal

Question 30

What is overshooting

Answer 30

Overshoot is a concept where the movement’s target is beyond the point of constriction, aiding in creating a tight closure

Question 31

How are taps and flaps produced

Answer 31

▶ Taps and flaps represent lighter or quicker stops, with minimal or no overshoot. ▶ In flaps, the articulator briefly touches a surface then continues in the same direction, often tangentially to the alveolar ridge

Question 32

What muscles are involved for tongue anterior constrictions?

Answer 32

Muscles involved: transversus and verticalis for elongation and bracing, SL muscle for raising the tongue front, and IL muscle for stabilization

Question 33

Sounds can be articulated against the palate, teeth, or even lips, with subtle shape variations creating distinctive sounds

Answer 33

There is no question here, that is just a fact. Just remember that.

Question 34

True or false: The tongue is relatively flat when producing the voiceless th sound

Answer 34

True

Question 35

What are apical/laminal distinctions?

Answer 35

Apical vs. laminal distinctions: whether the tongue tip or blade makes the constriction

Question 36

How are retroflex constrictions done and what tongue muscle facilitates this?

Answer 36

Retroflex constrictions involve curling the tongue tip backward, using the underside of the tongue against the upper teeth and alveolar ridge; facilitated by superior longitudinal muscles

Question 37

What is palatography?

Answer 37

▶ Method to study tongue–palate contact during speech ▶ Used in articulatory phonetics ▶ Two types: Static Palatography and Electropalatography (EPG)

Question 38

What is static palatography?

Answer 38

▶ Uses powder or dye to mark tongue–palate contact ▶ Captures contact pattern after speech production ▶ Useful for stop consonants and affricates

Question 39

What are tools needed for static palatography?

Answer 39

▶ Active charcoal ▶ Small painbrush ▶ Olive oil ▶ Small mirror ▶ Camera

Question 40

How is static palatography performed?

Answer 40

▶ Apply charcoal/dye on tongue or palate ▶ Speaker produces a target sound ▶ Contact pattern transferred and photographed

Question 41

What are advantages and limitations of static palatography?

Answer 41

Advantages ▶ Simple and inexpensive ▶ Good for single articulatory events Limitations ▶ Not dynamic — only captures one moment ▶ Messy and intrusive

Question 42

True or false: the degree of constriction for retroflex consonants vary across languages

Answer 42

True

Question 43

Static palatography is suitable for studying the degree of constriction in the coronal consonants. ▶ True ▶ False

Answer 43

True (If i am wrong istg)