WEEK 6

Question 1

how is the larynx suspended in the body?

Answer 1

the larynx is suspended between the skill and torso bones, primarily by extrinsic laryngeal muscles

Question 2

name two key connection points on the skull that support the larynx

Answer 2

• Styloid Processes – Stylus-shaped projections at the skull base, origins for several muscles.
• Mastoid Processes – Smooth protrusions behind the earlobes, insertion points for muscles like the sternocleidomastoid.

Question 3

what us the hyoid bone and why is it unique

Answer 3

the hyoid bone is a horseshoe-shaped bone that does not directly connect to any other bones. it provides structural support for the3 tongue and serves as an anchor for the larynx

Question 4

what are the three parts of the hyoid bone

Answer 4

• body
• greater horns
• lesser horns

Question 5

name three bones involved with laryngeal support

Answer 5

sternum (manubrium), scapula (shoulder blade), clavicle (collarbone)

Question 6

what are the four main groups of extrinsic laryngeal muscles

Answer 6

• pharyngeal constrictions
• infrahyoids
• suprahyoids
• pharyngeal elevator

Question 7

what us the function of the pharyngeal constrictors

Answer 7

the form the back and side walls of the pharynx and help with swallowing and laryngeal movement

Question 8

what are the three types of pharyngeal constrictord

Answer 8

• superior pharyngeal constrictors
• middle pharyngeal constrictors
• inferior pharyngeal constrictors

Question 9

where does the inferior pharyngeal constrictor originate and insert

Answer 9

• origin: the sides of the cricoid and thyroid cartilages
• insertion: median raphe of the pharynx

Question 10

what is the function of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor

Answer 10

pulls the larynx backwards and upward; narrows the laryngopharynx

Question 11

what is the function of the middle pharyngeal constrictor

Answer 11

retracts and elevates the hyoid bone; narrows the oropharynx

Question 12

what is the general function of the infrahyoid muscles

Answer 12

they help lower the larynx and the hyoid bone, playing a role in forced inspiration and phonation

Question 13

name the four infrahyoid muscles and their functions

Answer 13

• sternohyoid - lowers hyoid bone
• sternothyroid - lowers the larynx
• thyrohyoid - raises the larynx/ lowers the hyoid
• omohyoid - lowers/stabilises the hyoid bone

Question 14

which of the following bones is directly involved in suspending the larynx

A. Clavicle
B. Scapula
C. Hyoid bone
D. Manubrium of the sternum

Answer 14

hyoid bone

Question 15

What is the primary function of the middle pharyngeal constrictor?

A. Narrowing the laryngopharynx and pulling the larynx backward
B. Raising and retracting the hyoid bone while narrowing the oropharynx
C. Lowering the pharynx and expanding the airway
D. Widening the esophageal opening for swallowing

Answer 15

Raising and retracting the hyoid bone while narrowing the oropharynx

Question 16

Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the infrahyoid (strap) muscles?
A. Sternothyroid
B. Thyrohyoid
C. Omohyoid
D. Stylohyoid

Answer 16

Stylohyoid

Question 17

where are the suprahyoid muscles located

Answer 17

above the hyoid bone, contrasting with infrahyoid muscles

Question 18

what are the four suprahyoid muscles

Answer 18

digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid

Question 19

what is the function of the suprahyoid muscles

Answer 19

to elevate the hyoid bone and larynx, aiding in swallowing and affecting voice pitch

Question 20

what is the structure of the digastric muscle

Answer 20

two-bellied muscle contributing to jaw opening and larynx elevation

Question 21

where to the anterior and posterior bellies of the digastric muscles connect

Answer 21

anterior belly connects to the digastric fossa of the mandible’ posterior belly connects to the mastoid process

Question 22

what is the function of the stylohyoid muscle

Answer 22

raises and retracts the hyoid bone

Question 23

where does the stylohyoid muscle originate and insert?

Answer 23

• originates from the styloid process
• inserts into the hyoid bone

Question 24

what us the function of the mylohyoid muscle

Answer 24

raises the hyoid and assists in elevating the tongue during swallowing

Question 25

where does the mylohyoid muscle originate and insert

Answer 25

- originates from the mylohyoid line of the mandible - inserts into the hyoid bone

Question 26

what is the function of the geniohyoid muscle

Answer 26

elevates the hyoid, shortens the floor of the mouth, and aids in swallowing

Question 27

where does the geniohyoid insert and originate

Answer 27

- originates from the mental spines of the mandible - inserts into the hyoid bone

Question 28

what are the three pharyngeal elevator muscles

Answer 28

- stylopharyngeus - palatopharyngeus - salpingopharyngeus

Question 29

what is the function of the pharyngeal elevators

Answer 29

raise the larynx and pharyngeal walls

Question 30

what characterises breathy voice

Answer 30

combination of phonation and frication of air in the glottis

Question 31

what are the two main ways breathy voice is produced

Answer 31

less contraction of LCA muscles (longitudinal gap) and inadequate contraction of IA muscles (posterior gap)

Question 32

what is the linguistic significance of breathy voice

Answer 32

breathy voice is used as a phonemic contrast in many languages

Question 33

how it creaky voice produced?

Answer 33

vocal folds are shortened and slackened; IA muscles draw the arytenoids together, allowing long closure periods

Question 34

what is the linguistic significance of creaky voice

Answer 34

forms phonemic contrasts in many languages

Question 35

what are the two types of glottalic airstreams

Answer 35

glottalic ingressives (implosives) and glottalic egressive (ejectives)

Question 36

how are implosives produced

Answer 36

combining glottalic ingressive and pulmonic egressive airstreams by lowering the larynx to create a pressure difference

Question 37

how are ejectives produced

Answer 37

by raising the larynx with a closed glottis and oral constriction, then releasing the constriction to create a popping sound

Question 38

what muscles are involved in ejective production

Answer 38

suprahyoid and pharyngeal elevator muscles

Question 39

what muscles are involved in producing [t']

Answer 39

superior pharyngeal constrictor muscles

Question 40

what is endoscopy

Answer 40

a relatively invasive procedure that uses an endoscope to examine the interior surfaces of an organ or tissue, useful for observing vocal fold function and vibration

Question 41

why is endoscopy used in voice studies

Answer 41

the visualise vocal fold structure and movement, diagnose voice-related pathologies, and assess vocal treatment effectiveness

Question 42

what are the two main types of endoscopy

Answer 42

- rigid = high quality images, used for stationary observations - flexible = dynamic assessment, suitable for speech and singing

Question 43

how does endoscopy work

Answer 43

light illuminates the vocal folds, a camera captures real-time video or images, and the visuals are displayed on a monitor for analysis

Question 44

what is stroboscopic endoscopy

Answer 44

an endoscopic technique that uses stroboscopic light to capture slow-motion images of vocal fold vibration, allowing detailed analysis of phonatory function

Question 45

what is the benefit of stroboscopic endoscopy

Answer 45

provides a detailed observation of the mucosal wave and vocal fold dynamics

Question 46

what is the purpose of flexible endoscopy

Answer 46

to access vocal fold movement dynamically, particularly during speech or singing

Question 47

Which of the following statements about the thyroid cartilage is TRUE? It serves as the primary point of attachment for the vocal folds as well as the epiglottis. Its superior horns attaches with the cricoid cartilage at the facets for thyroid cartilage. It is the only complete ring-shaped cartilage in the larynx. It attaches directly with the arytenoid cartilages in the posterior side.

Answer 47

It serves as the primary point of attachment for the vocal folds as well as the epiglottis.

Question 48

Which of the following best describes how the cricothyroid (CT) muscles contribute to pitch differences? The CT muscles rotate the arytenoid cartilages, thereby increasing the vocal fold tension which, in turn, increases the pitch. The CT muscles contract, tilting the thyroid cartilage forward and stretching the vocal folds, which increases tension and raises the pitch. The CT muscles increase subglottal pressure, which directly controls pitch without affecting vocal fold length or tension. The CT muscles relax the vocal folds, making them shorter and thicker, which lowers the pitch.

Answer 48

The CT muscles contract, tilting the thyroid cartilage forward and stretching the vocal folds, which increases tension and raises the pitch.

Question 49

Which of the following statements is FALSE? The LCA muscle originates from the lateral aspect of the cricoid cartilage and inserts into the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage. The PCA muscle, by attaching to the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage, helps abduct the vocal folds. The PCA muscle originates from the posterior surface of the cricoid cartilage and inserts into the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage. The LCA muscle, by pulling on the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage, rotates the arytenoids to adduct the vocal folds.

Answer 49

The PCA muscle, by attaching to the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage, helps abduct the vocal folds.

Question 50

John intends to produce the sound [h] while teaching it to an L2 English learner. He assumes that producing [h] requires his vocal folds to be pushed apart and also that this is accomplished by pushing the two vocal folds away by the lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA) muscles in his larynx. Is this assumption likely true or false?

Answer 50

false

Question 51

Sarah is explaining to her phonetics class how the vocal folds behave during the production of the sound [s]. She claims that producing [s] requires the vocal folds to be tightly adducted by the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscles to prevent voicing. Is her claim likely true or false?

Answer 51

false

Question 52

Elissa is using an Electroglottograph (EGG) to study vocal fold vibration. She explains that the EGG signal strength increases when the vocal folds have greater contact and decreases when they are more separated. Is her explanation likely true or false?

Answer 52

True