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LING 314 > WEEK 2 > Flashcards

WEEK 2 Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

what are the two major divisions of the nervous system

A

Central and peripheral nervous systems

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2
Q

what are the four core sections of the CNS

A

cerebellum, brainstem, cerebrum, spinal cord

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3
Q

what does the PNS consist of

A

cranial and spinal nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

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4
Q

how many pairs of cranial and spinal nerves exist in the PNS

A

12 cranial, 31 spinal nerves

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5
Q

which system does the facial nerve (CN VII) belong to

A

PNS (remember: cranial nerves are part of the PNS!!!)

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6
Q

what is a neuron

A

a specialised cell that transmits electrical and chemical signals in the NS

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7
Q

what are the function of the dendrites

A

receive incoming signals from other neurons

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8
Q

what is the function of the cell body

A

process incoming signals and sends them down the axon

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9
Q

what does the axon do

A

transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body

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10
Q

what us the function of the myelin sheath

A

speeds up electrical impulse transmission and protects the axon

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11
Q

what are the nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin sheath that allow for faster nerve impulse transmission (saltatory conduction)

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12
Q

what is the function of the axon terminal

A

releases NTs to transmit signals to other neurons or muscles

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13
Q

what is a synapse

A

the junction between two neurons where signal transmission occurs

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14
Q

what us the function of motor neurons

A

transmit signals from the CNS to muscles, causing movement

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15
Q

what is the function of sensory neurons

A

carry sensory information from the body to the CNS

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16
Q

what is the function of interneurons

A

connect sensory and motor neurons within the CNS and help process information

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17
Q

what us gray matter composed of

A

neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and glial cells

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18
Q

where is gray matter predominately found

A

in the cerebral cortex

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19
Q

what is white matter composed of

A

myelinated axons

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20
Q

what is the function of white matter

A

connects different brain regions and facilitates rapid signal transmission

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21
Q

which has more volume in the brain: white or gray matter

A

white matter

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22
Q

what us the neural impulse transmission process

A

Resting potential → Depolarization → Rising phase → Repolarization → Hyperpolarization → Refractory period → Restoration

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23
Q

what is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump during the resting potential

A

Maintains resting potential by pumping sodium out and potassium in

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24
Q

during which phase of the action potential do potassium channels open

A

repolarisation

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25
what are the four lobes of the cerebrum
frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal
26
what is the function of the frontal lobe
controls voluntary movement and higher cognitive functiond
27
what does the parietal lobe do
process sensory information
28
what does the occipital lobe do
process visual information
29
what does the temporal lobe do
process auditory information and language understanding
30
what does the cerebellum do
coordinated fine motor movements and balance
31
what is the function of the brain stem
regulates vital functions like breathing, heartrate, and blood pressure
32
what does the basal ganglia do
helps fine-tine voluntary movements
33
what is the role of the thalamus
acts as a relay station for sensory information
34
what is the function of the Broca's area
speech production and language processing
35
what happens if Broca's area is damages
leads to broca's aphasia (difficulty producing speech)
36
what is the function of Wernicke's area
language comprehension
37
what happens if Wernicke's area is damaged
leads to wernicke's aphasia (difficulty understanding language)
38
what does arcuate fasciculus do
connects brocas and wernickes areas, enabling coordinated speech
39
what is the function of the motor cortex inspeech
controls the movemetns needed for speech production
40
where is the auditory cortex located and what is its function
located in the temporal lobe; processes and monitors sound, including speech
41
what does the angular gyrus do in speech processing
transforms written language into verbal form
42
why is the myelin sheath important
it speeds up neural transmission along the axon
43
what is the function of the axon terminal
releases NTs into the synapse
44
which area of the brain is responsible for speech production
broca's area (in the frontal lobe, left hemisphere)
45
the arcuate fasciculus connects which two brain regions
brocas and wernickes area
46
what is EEG
a non-invasive method to record electrical activity in the brain
47
what are the main uses of EEG
- Diagnosing neurological disorders. - Understanding brain function. - Clinical diagnosis, sleep research, and brain-computer interfaces.
48
how is EEG relevant to linguistics
EEG helps in studying brain responses to phonetic, semantic, and syntactic anomalies in language
49
what does EEG work in terms of real-time monitoring
EEG detects fluctuations in electrical activity from the cerebral cortex and provides real-time monitoring of brain activity
50
what is the international 10-20 system used for
it is the standard method for placing electrodes on the scalp based on the distance between anatomical landmarks
51
what are the anatomical landmarks used in the 10-20 system for EEG
- Nasion (front of the head) - Inion (back of the head) - Two preauricular points (in front of each ear)
52
What do the "10" and "20" refer to in the International 10-20 System?
They refer to the percentage of the skull's front-back or right-left distance, ensuring proportional accuracy in electrode placement.
53
What does EEG output represent?
EEG records wave signals that represent electrical activity from different parts of the brain.
54
How does EEG help linguists in research?
EEG helps linguists study how the brain processes phonetic, semantic, and syntactic anomalies in language.
55
The myelin sheath is known to increase the speed of neural signal transmission. This is achieved by: - Facilitating continuous electrical conduction along the axon. - Directly generating action potentials along the axon. - Allowing impulses to jump between nodes. - Preventing ion leakage across the axon membrane.
Allowing impulses to jump between nodes.
56
During the depolarization phase of an action potential, which statement is true? Both sodium and potassium ions flow into the neuron, neutralizing the resting potential. Sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to enter the neuron, making the interior more positive. Potassium ions enter the neuron, causing the interior to become less negative. Sodium-potassium pumps actively depolarize the neuron by expelling potassium ions.
Sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to enter the neuron, making the interior more positive.
57
Which statement best describes the role of the frontal lobe? It contains regions that coordinate planning and execution of voluntary movements, including speech. It plays a key role in visual processing and recognition of spatial patterns. It is the primary center for processing auditory information and language comprehension. It is responsible for processing incoming sensory information from the body.
It contains regions that coordinate planning and execution of voluntary movements, including speech.
58
John is interacting with a new patient who appears to have difficulty in coordinating the fine motor movements required for speech, resulting in slurred and imprecise articulation. However, their ability to understand language and form coherent sentences remains intact. He suspects that the patient's basal ganglia is likely not working properly. Could it be true? True or false
true
59
The visual cortex, located in the occipital lobe, processes visual information that can aid in speech comprehension. True or false
true
60
The following sentence will likely trigger a P400 peak in the signals obtained via EEG. "She doesn't have the slightest idea where is the book" true or false
false

LING 314 (12 decks)

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