Week 2- Metabolic Disorders of Production animals 1

Question 1

What does NEBAL stand for

Answer 1

Negative Energy Balance

Question 2

What is the main cause of NEBAL in dairy cows

Answer 2

Energy output exceeds intake especially in early lactation

Question 3

Which tissues have an absolute requirement for glucose in ruminants

Answer 3

Brain

Question 4

What is the main VFA used for gluconeogenesis

Answer 4

Propionate

Question 5

What is the blood BHB threshold for clinical ketosis

Answer 5

Greater than 1.0 to 1.4 mmol/L

Question 6

What are the three ketone bodies

Answer 6

Beta-hydroxybutyrate

Question 7

What smell is associated with ketosis

Answer 7

Sweet/acetone or pear drop smell on breath

Question 8

What is a common clinical sign of nervous ketosis

Answer 8

Compulsive licking or circling

Question 9

How does a high BCS contribute to NEBAL

Answer 9

Reduces DMI and increases insulin resistance

Question 10

What are NEFAs

Answer 10

Non-esterified fatty acids released during fat mobilisation

Question 11

What does high NEFA indicate

Answer 11

Excessive fat mobilisation from body stores

Question 12

What is the main glucose source in ruminants

Answer 12

Hepatic gluconeogenesis from propionate

Question 13

What is the effect of peripheral insulin resistance

Answer 13

Reduced glucose uptake and poor satiety leading to decreased DMI

Question 14

Which type of ketosis occurs at peak lactation

Answer 14

Type I ketosis

Question 15

Which type of ketosis is associated with fat infiltration of the liver

Answer 15

Type II ketosis

Question 16

What is the most common cause of Type I ketosis

Answer 16

Energy intake is less than energy output

Question 17

What does BCS stand for

Answer 17

Body Condition Score

Question 18

What are two clinical signs of clinical ketosis

Answer 18

Reduced milk yield and selective appetite

Question 19

What are two consequences of subclinical ketosis

Answer 19

Poor fertility and immunosuppression

Question 20

What is a treatment for clinical ketosis

Answer 20

Oral glucose precursors like propylene glycol

Question 21

How does fatty liver develop

Answer 21

Excess NEFAs overwhelm the liver leading to triglyceride accumulation

Question 22

What clinical sign may suggest fatty liver

Answer 22

Anorexia and severe depression with poor prognosis

Question 23

Why does fatty liver impair liver function

Answer 23

Fat accumulation impairs gluconeogenesis and detoxification

Question 24

Which cows are most at risk for fatty liver

Answer 24

Overconditioned cows during transition period

Question 25

What is the main energy demand in late gestation sheep

Answer 25

Fetal growth especially with multiples

Question 26

What is pregnancy toxaemia

Answer 26

A metabolic disorder caused by NEBAL in late pregnancy

Question 27

Which species is pregnancy toxaemia most common in

Answer 27

Sheep

Question 28

What is a classic sign of pregnancy toxaemia

Answer 28

Central blindness or star gazing

Question 29

What is the blood BHB threshold for pregnancy toxaemia

Answer 29

Greater than 3.0 mmol/L

Question 30

What is a common treatment for pregnancy toxaemia

Answer 30

Oral propylene glycol and IV dextrose

Question 31

How does hypocalcaemia complicate pregnancy toxaemia

Answer 31

It worsens muscle weakness and appetite

Question 32

What management strategy prevents pregnancy toxaemia

Answer 32

Supplementary feeding and scanning for multiples

Question 33

What dietary component promotes propionate production

Answer 33

Starch and fermentable carbohydrates

Question 34

What condition does inadequate propionate production lead to

Answer 34

Ketosis

Question 35

What does oxaloacetate do in the TCA cycle

Answer 35

Combines with acetyl-CoA to allow entry into Krebs cycle

Question 36

What happens if oxaloacetate is low

Answer 36

Acetyl-CoA is diverted to ketone production

Question 37

What metabolic state causes ketogenesis

Answer 37

Negative energy balance and fat mobilisation

Question 38

What is the effect of B vitamins in ketosis

Answer 38

Stimulate appetite

Question 39

What are two risk factors for NEBAL

Answer 39

High milk yield and poor feed access

Question 40

How does DMI influence energy balance

Answer 40

Low DMI reduces energy intake and worsens NEBAL

Question 41

What is a long-term consequence of NEBAL on fertility

Answer 41

Reduced conception rates

Question 42

What milk change may suggest subclinical ketosis

Answer 42

High fat:protein ratio

Question 43

What is the ME content of a typical grass silage DM

Answer 43

Approximately 10 MJ/kg DM

Question 44

What DM% is typical for grass silage

Answer 44

30 percent

Question 45

What is the ME requirement for a 650kg cow producing 50L/day

Answer 45

315 MJ/day

Question 46

How much fresh silage would meet 315 MJ if it's 30% DM and 10MJ/kg DM

Answer 46

105 kg fresh weight

Question 47

What is a common post-partum consequence of fatty liver

Answer 47

Poor appetite and prolonged NEBAL

Question 48

What is a major herd-level strategy to prevent ketosis

Answer 48

Monitor BCS and provide proper transition diets

Question 49

What is the function of oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis

Answer 49

Acts as an intermediate to form glucose

Question 50

How does glucocorticoid treatment help in ketosis

Answer 50

Promotes gluconeogenesis and appetite