Week 2 (Newborn and Perceptual Development)

Question 1

________________ birth is the birth of a newborn, also called a ______________, which is a baby under 28 days old.

Answer 1

Neonatal, neonate

Question 2

Newborns experience many changes such as _______________ ________________ where a newborn’s body gets used to the colder temperatures outside of the womb.

Answer 2

temperature regulation

Question 3

Before birth, the newborn is squeezed very _____________ in the birth canal.

Answer 3

tightly

Question 4

After birth, the _____________ ______________ surrounding the baby in the womb is expelled from the lungs as the baby takes their first breaths.

Answer 4

amniotic fluid

Question 5

______________ means a total depletion in the level of oxygen, it is considered a normal birth process and can occur temporarily during labour and delivery.

Answer 5

Anoxia

Question 6

______________ is a soft, fine hair that covers a foetus in the uterus, it usually falls off shortly after birth.

Answer 6

Lanugo

Question 7

_______________ ______________ may grow due to hormones or oil glands in the skin in infants, however, they usually go away naturally in a few days.

Answer 7

Newborn acne

Question 8

The ____________ scale/score is a system that evaluates a newborn’s health by assessing five characteristics. Each characteristics is scored 0 to 2, with 2 being the best and they are typically administered 1 to 5 minutes after birth.

Answer 8

APGAR

Question 9

_______________ from the APGAR scale mostly looks at the skin colour of the newborn. Blue-ish or pale skin would be rated as 0, whereas pink skin would be rated as 2.

Answer 9

Appearance

Question 10

____________ from the APGAR scale typically measures the heart rate of a newborn. An absent heart rate would score a zero, whereas a rapid heart rate would score a two.

Answer 10

Pulse

Question 11

____________ from the APGAR scale typically measures the reflexes of the baby. If there is no responsive reflex from the newborn, it would be scored zero. If there is a reflex (usually a cry), it would be scored two.

Answer 11

Grimace

Question 12

____________ from the APGAR scale typically measures the muscle tone and movement of a newborn. Limp or no movements would be scored zero, active motion and movements would be scored two.

Answer 12

Activity

Question 13

______________ from the APGAR scale typically measures the breathing of a newborn. Absent breathing would be scored zero, strong and regular breathing would score a two.

Answer 13

Respiration

Question 14

A birth which occurs >3 weeks early (before 35 weeks) is called a ____________ birth.

Answer 14

premature

Question 15

An average baby’s weight is typically 7 to 7.5 lbs or ~3.2-3.4kg. A low birth weight is a newborn below _______ lbs or ________ kg.

Answer 15

5.5 lbs or 2.5 kg

Question 16

A _____________ _______________ _______________ ____________ baby refers to a baby who is smaller in size than is considered normal for the number of weeks of pregnancy.

Answer 16

small for gestational age

Question 17

A _____________ is a substance that can cause birth defects or abnormalities in a developing foetus. Drugs and alcohol are examples.

Answer 17

teratogen

Question 18

A _____ birth weight predict poorer long-term outcomes such as: cognitive impairments, hyperactivity, poor school performance.

Answer 18

low

Question 19

____________ are in-born, involuntary and automatic responses to stimulation that are usually shared among all other newborns and infants.

Answer 19

Reflexes

Question 20

The ___________ and ___________ reflexes are precursors to the function of feeding.

Answer 20

sucking and rooting

Question 21

When a finger is put to the mouth of a newborn, it is expected to _________ the finger, this is called the ________ reflex.

Answer 21

suck, sucking

Question 22

When a newborn is stimulated at the right side of their face (i.e. their right cheek being tickled), it should turns it head to the right where the stimulation is. This is called the _____________ reflex.

Answer 22

rooting

Question 23

When an adult finger is placed near the baby’s hand, it is expected to spontaneously grab the finger. This is called the ____________ reflex, it is a precursor to voluntary grasping.

Answer 23

grasping

Question 24

When a infant is startled or feels like they are falling, they would react by having a startled look and fling out their arms sideways. This is called the ________ reflex.

Answer 24

Moro

Question 25

When a newborn's feet is stroked, the big toe is expected to move upwards or towards the top surface of the food, and the other toes fan out. This is called the _____________ reflex.

Answer 25

Babinski

Question 26

Most newborn reflexes disappear within a few ____________.

Answer 26

months

Question 27

Newborn reflexes can be used as __________ ___________ for assessing neurological development.

Answer 27

screening tools

Question 28

____________ strength or ____________ of a reflex can be an indication of an issue in neurological development in infants.

Answer 28

Abnormal, absence

Question 29

____________ response in bilateral reflex, such as only one hand performing the grasping reflex instead of two, can be an indication of abnormal neurological development.

Answer 29

Unequal

Question 30

Newborns typically spend __________ (the same/more/less) amount of time in quiet sleep than/and in active sleep.

Answer 30

the same

Question 31

Newborns can __________ in the stability of the proportion of time spent in various states.

Answer 31

differ

Question 32

The stability of newborn states tend to (decrease/increase/remain the same?) with age.

Answer 32

increase

Question 33

Premature babies typically have _______ difficulty regulating their newborn states.

Answer 33

more

Question 34

____________ _____________ sleep involves body movements, irregular heart rate and breathing, and distinct brain activity. It is usually associated with dreaming in adults.

Answer 34

Rapid eye-movement

Question 35

Newborns typically spend at least ___% of their time in REM sleep. This amount ___________ with age.

Answer 35

50%, decreases

Question 36

An experiment by J D Boismier suggests that the more we experience visual stimulation while awake, the ________ REM sleep we get.

Answer 36

less

Question 37

A study done in 1992 by Morelli indicated that there were __________ variations between sleeping arrangements.

Answer 37

cultural

Question 38

Crying can cause ________________ responses in adults such as increase in heart rate and blood pressure. It motivates adults to help.

Answer 38

physiological

Question 39

Crying is initially a/an ________________ response, but it becomes ______________ at around 6 weeks.

Answer 39

involuntary, voluntary

Question 40

If an infant or newborn is crying which sounds like there is genuine distress or pain, you should respond _________________.

Answer 40

immediately

Question 41

A study (Hubbard & Van Ijzandoorn, 1991) suggested that mothers who respond more slowly to an infant, crying due to a minor upset, would results infants who cry _______ often.

Answer 41

less

Question 42

__________________ is the study of how one's environment can affect their gene expression. It gives rise to individual differences such as physical appearances and behaviours.

Answer 42

Epigenetics

Question 43

Epigenetic changes may affect the _______________ to diseases and health risks. It can affect offspring later in life, even if exposed in the prenatal environment.

Answer 43

susceptibility

Question 44

Factors such as maternal care and childhood adversity can also affect the nature of the offspring. An experiment on rats (Francis et al., 1999) indicated that offsprings of rats who showed less maternal care had ___________ responses to stress.

Answer 44

higher

Question 45

An experiment (Kessler et al., 2010) looked at the affect of childhood adversities and if there were any long-term effects. They found that individuals who have experienced adversities during childhood (e.g., maltreatment, abuse) have __________ emotion regulation and ____________ hormonal responses to stress.

Answer 45

poorer, increased

Question 46

Epigenetic changes can be _________ by various interventions and lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise.

Answer 46

reversed

Question 47

Some newborn sensory capabilities, such as taste, smell, hearing, and touch, are fairly _____________ at birth.

Answer 47

well-developed

Question 48

The ___________ of a newborn is poor at birth, however, it improves in a few months.

Answer 48

vision

Question 49

The sense of taste of a newborn are usually developed before birth and their preferences are shown to be acquired from prenatal experience. An experiment (Mennella, Jagnow, & Beauchamp, 2001) indicated that babies who had experienced carrot juice prenatally ate ________ food containing carrot juice than the control babies.

Answer 49

more

Question 50

An newborn's sense of smell is fairly well-developed before birth. Newborns show a preference of their own amniotic fluid. Newborns also __________ pleasant smells than compared to sour smells.

Answer 50

prefer

Question 51

For a newborn's sense of taste and smell, they (are/are not) present at birth and have (some/no) ability to discriminate from different tastes and smells.

Answer 51

are present at birth and have some ability to discriminate

Question 52

An experiment (MacFarlane, 1975) indicated that newborns were able to recognize familiar smells. Newborns as young as 6-days old showed (no/more) preference over their mother's own smell rather than that of another lactating mother.

Answer 52

more preference

Question 53

An experiment (Lecanuet et al., 2000) used habituation to test whether foetus' had the ability to hear inside the womb. It was found that the foetus' heart rate had _________ when exposed to novel sounds, suggesting that foetus's had responded to the sound.

Answer 53

slowed

Question 54

The ________________ __________________ ________________ is a research method that uses sounds to encourage to suck strongly when presented with an auditory stimulus.

Answer 54

high-amplitude sucking paradigm

Question 55

Based on the high-amplitude sucking paradigm, infants tend to display (more/less?) sucking behaviour when excited

Answer 55

more

Question 56

An experiment (Moon, Cooper, & Fifer, 1993) looked at infants' reactions to their native language versus another language. It was found that infants (did/did not) have a preference to their native language.

Answer 56

did

Question 57

The "Cat in the Hat" study (Decasper & Spence, 1986) tested if foetus' can hear while in the womb. It was found that foetus who had heard a story in the womb had _______ preference for the story outside the womb after birth.

Answer 57

more

Question 58

_______________ ________________ is the ability to determine the origin of a sound, including its direction and distance. Newborns do not have this ability, they are unable to hear very soft sounds and do not have echo suppression.

Answer 58

Auditory localization

Question 59

_____________ _______________ is described as the process of adult auditory systems ignoring certain information, such as a negligible delay in sound from a speaker (Clifton et al, 1981).

Answer 59

Echo suppression

Question 60

The __________ is the central region of the retina, vision is most sharp at this area.

Answer 60

fovea

Question 61

_______________ ______________ is a condition where both eyes' fovea are directed at the same object.

Answer 61

Bifoveal fixation

Question 62

One of the reasons why babies have poor vision at birth is due to their inability to perform _______________ _______________. This results in their eyes being unable to converge on a singular object.

Answer 62

bifoveal fixation

Question 63

As compared to an adult's eye's focusing response, an infants' focusing response is _________ and ____________. The image focused is behind the retina resulting in blurry images.

Answer 63

slow and imprecise

Question 64

________ are a type of photoreceptor cell in the retina which enables the eye to see in low light. They are mostly responsible for night and peripheral vision due to its sensitivity to bright light and in darkness.

Answer 64

Rods

Question 65

________ are a type of photoreceptor cell in the retina that enables the eye to see sharp and detailed images. It is also responsible for colour vision.

Answer 65

Cones

Question 66

An infant's fovea is comparably much ________ than an adult's fovea. It is littered with other cells and are immature.

Answer 66

wider

Question 67

_____________ _____________ is a measure of clarity or sharpness of vision.

Answer 67

Visual acuity

Question 68

An experiment by Mayer & Dobson (1982) measured the ______________ ____________ of an infant based on their ability to differentiate and detect stripes.

Answer 68

visual acuity

Question 69

The visual acuity of an infant develops quite ____________. They are able to detect stripes of different sizes (Mayer & Dobson, 1982) the older they get.

Answer 69

rapidly

Question 70

Infants have initially ________ colour vision at birth. They are __________ to detect differences in basic colours such as grey vs red.

Answer 70

poor/bad, unable

Question 71

Like visual acuity, the colour vision of an infant develops quite __________. Colour vision is essentially _____________ by 3 to 4 months.

Answer 71

rapidly, adult-like

Question 72

Infants, specifically 4-month-olds, were tested (Quinn et al., 2001) on their ability of ______________ ______________, which is the process of recognizing objects based on their physical appearance. Results showed that infants were (able/unable) to tell the difference between a cat and a dog.

Answer 72

perceptual categorization, able

Question 73

Infants have a preference for novel stimulus. This can be used by measuring how long an infant looks at a particular stimulus. ____________ and ___________ ____________ are then used to determine which stimulus an infant prefers.

Answer 73

Habituation and preferential looking

Question 74

__________________ is the diminishing of an innate response to a frequently repeated stimulus.

Answer 74

Habituation

Question 75

_________________ _______________ is an experimental method in developmental psychology that assesses how infants perceive visual and auditory stimuli by measuring how long an infant or young child looks at a certain stimulus.

Answer 75

Preferential looking

Question 76

_________________ ________________ is the ability to perceive and understand an item, animal, or person based on past experiences.

Answer 76

Visual recognition

Question 77

A study (Fagan, 1973) done on infants (5- to 6-month olds) used preferential looking and habituation to determine if infants had the ability to differentiate and recognize faces. Result showed that the infants looked longer at novel faces, even after delays (10 seconds to 2 weeks) this indicates that infants are capable of _______________ _______________ ______________.

Answer 77

long-term visual recognition

Question 78

The __________________ _________________ _______________ paradigm is a research technique used in developmental psychology, particularly in infants. It studies an infant's cognitive abilities by presenting them with events that either align with or violate expected physical laws and observing their reaction.

Answer 78

violation of expectation

Question 79

A study (Needham et al., 1997) looks at how infants are able to recognize and perceive objects based on their _____________ information such as their colour, size, and texture.

Answer 79

featural