Week 6 (Language) Flashcards
(32 cards)
Vouloumanos & Werker (2007) measured the auditory preferences of newborns by using the _________________ __________________ _________________, infants were more likely to suck when hearing human speech over complex non-speech stimuli.
high-amplitude sucking paradigm
______________ ______________ is a special way of speaking that parents use when talking to their babies. It has a ________ pitch, which could make it easier to hear and track. The ___________ ___________ of the speech also express emotion which may soothe infants and attract attention.
Infant-directed speech, higher, exaggerated contours
The __________ tone in infant-directed speech consists of a long, sloping contour with a big change in pitch.
approval
The ___________ tone in infant-directed speech consists of a lower pitch with little variation. It is more of a hard, short, and sharp staccato.
prohibition
Fernald (1989) tested on whether infants (9-month-olds) were able to take tone cues and whether it would affect their judgement on whether to perform a certain action. It was found that the infants followed the approval tune and prohibition tune, ____________ of content of words.
regardless
Mandel, Jusczyk, & Pisoni (1995) tested on whether infants (4.5-month-olds) had the ability to recognize familiar sound patterns by measuring the head-turning of the infant when called out their own name or a similar sounding name (i.e. Katie & Kaitlyn).
It was found that infants listened __________ to their own name.
longer
___________ ___________ is the ability of infants to learn patterns from repeated exposure to sensory information. It keeps tracking down of which sounds predictably occur together in the same order, over multiple occurrences.
For example “doyouseethebunny” “theresabunnyoverthere” “wheredthebunnygo” “doyoulikethatbunny”, the infant is likely to pick up the word “bunny” after a few utterances of the same word.
Statistical learning
An experiment (Saffran, Aslin, Newport, 1996) used headturn preference and habituation to determine if 8-month-olds were able to detect repeated and predictable words that sound like they belong together (“batoki”, “tokibu”).
It was found that the 8-month-olds showed a ______________ _____________ for the non-word trials. This suggests that infants were able to keep track of repeated and predictable sequences beginning to sound like they belong together, ultimately forming a word.
novelty preference
_____________ ______________ is the ability to integrate information from 2 or more different sensory modalities, like sight and sound.
Intermodal perception
____________ ____________ is when a new word learnt by an infant is quickly connected with an underlying concept.
Fast mapping
In a typically developing 12-month-old, the comprehension of language usually _____________ the production of language.
precedes
Babies aged from about 2- to 4-months-old usually communicate through _________ or vowel sounds.
cooing
Babies aged from birth to around 2-months-old usually communicate through __________ vocalisations which are not voluntary or intentional. They are not yet communicative but makes noises such as burps, hiccups, cries, and sighs.
reflexive
Babies aged from about 4- to 12-months-old communicate through ___________, which are speech-like sounds but do not contain any real words of speech.
babbling
____________ ___________ occurs in infants between 4- to 6-months-old. They engage in vocal play, such as squeals and changes in volume and pitch, and use occasional syllables like “ba” or “da”.
Early babbling
____________ ___________ occurs in infants between 7- to 8-months-old. There are real syllables and are initially reduplicated (“ba ba ba ba”) before being variegated (“ba gi da bi da”).
Canonical babbling
____________ ___________ occurs in infants at around ~12-months-old. It consists of native-language intonation and syllables instead of full words.
Jargon babbling
True communicative infant in newborns only appears when they are aged about 9-months-old. Infants begin to engage in ________________, where they wait for each other to talk, however, they are initially not all that good and would sometimes talk over each other.
turn-taking
The “_____________” stage in language acquisition occurs in children aged about 12- to 14-months-old. The first recognizable words are produced at this time, but mostly consist of holophrases. New words appear in the child’s vocabulary slowly.
one-word
In the one-word stage of language acquisition in children, words mostly used by these children are ____________ ____________, which are words that contribute to meaning, rather than _____________ ____________.
content words, function words
____________ words are words that contribute to meaning. For example, nouns (“ball”), verbs (“run”), adjectives (“cold”).
Content
A ___________ word is a word whose purpose is to contribute to the syntax rather than the meaning of a sentence, for example “do” in ‘we do not live here”.
function
An _______________ _____________ refers to when a child applies a learned rule or pattern too broadly, making a mistake by assuming it applies to situations where it does not. For example, using the word “foots” instead of “feet”.
overgeneralization error
______________ is when a child uses a word to describe something that’s outside of its usual meaning. For example, using the word “car” to describe any vehicle.
Overextension
