Week 4 (Piaget's Theories & Piaget Revisited)

Question 1

The “___________ ___________” theory is a concept constructed by Swiss psychologist jean Piaget describing how children are able to generate their own hypotheses, conduct their own experiments, and draw their own conclusions naturally without adult intervention.

Answer 1

little scientists

Question 2

______________ is the theory that people construct knowledge through experience and interactions with others. Children are believed to follow this, actively learning about their environment and constructing their own knowledge.

Answer 2

Constructivism

Question 3

Children are believed to be _____________ motivated to learn about others, to interact and learn more about the world without any rewards necessary.

Answer 3

intrinsically

Question 4

______________ are mental structures of knowledge and behaviour which are used to interpret the world. It is based on past experiences and are stored in memory.

Answer 4

Schemas

Question 5

The basic concepts of Piaget’s theory consist of the adaptation of schemas in children. It is a cycle between the following: ______________, _______________, _______________, and _________________. It then repeats at ______________.

Answer 5

assimilation, disequilibrium, accommodation, and equilibrium.

repeats at assimilation

Question 6

_____________ is a basic concept of Piaget’s theory, referring to the merging of existing schemas to create new and more intricate schemas.

Answer 6

Organization

Question 7

____________ is a basic concept of Piaget’s theory, referring to the process of fitting schemas with new experiences in the environment.

Answer 7

Adaptation

Question 8

______________ is one of the learning processes in adaptation, one of the basic concepts in Piaget’s theory, it refers to interpreting a new fact in terms of current knowledge.

Answer 8

Assimilation

Question 9

_____________ is one of the learning processes in adaptation, one of the basic concepts in Piaget’s theory, it refers to the reorganization of knowledge structures based on new data to better fit the current environment.

Answer 9

Accommodation

Question 10

_______________ is one of the learning processes in adaptation, one of the basic concepts in Piaget’s theory, it refers to the process of using assimilation and accommodation to create a stable understanding.

Answer 10

Equilibration

Question 11

________________ refers to the state of cognitive imbalance if any new information does not fit into a stored schema.

Answer 11

Disequilibrium

Question 12

There are 4 major characteristics of development in Piaget’s Stage Theory, they are _____________, ____________, _____________, and ______________.

Answer 12

universal, invariant, discontinuous, and parallel

Question 13

The ____________ characteristic in Piaget’s Stage Theory describes that all children will go through similar stages while developing into an adult, for example, their capacity for language and physiological developments like puberty and maturation of vision.

Answer 13

universal

Question 14

The ____________ characteristic in Piaget’s Stage Theory describes that each stage in development follows the same fixed sequential order, the child cannot skip, miss or bypass a stage.

Answer 14

invariant

Question 15

The ____________ characteristic in Piaget’s Stage Theory describes that each stage occur in a series of sudden shifts or “leaps” that tend to be linear. Each stage is considered to be qualitatively different.

Answer 15

discontinuous

Question 16

The ____________ characteristic in Piaget’s Stage Theory describes that there is a same rate of growth across multiple domains, such as language and cognition. Each domain develops in parallel to each other, gradually at the same rate.

Answer 16

parallel

Question 17

There are 4 stages to Piaget’s stage theory of development, the ______________ stage, the ______________ stage, the _______________ stage and the ______________ stage.

Answer 17

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete-operational, formal-operational

Question 18

The ______________ stage in Piaget’s stage theory occurs from birth until the child is 2 years old. In this stage, they learn through interactions between sensations and actions.

Answer 18

sensorimotor

Question 19

_______________ _____________ refers to the repetitive actions that infants perform during the sensorimotor stage of development. They primarily repeat these events caused by their own activity to see how stable an action is.

Answer 19

Circular reactions

Question 20

In the sensorimotor stage of Piaget’s stage theory, the thinking of children were initially limited to their current immediate situation, they initially do not have any ____________ _____________, which is the ability to form internal depictions of information, until it is developed when they are around 18-24 months old.

Answer 20

mental representation

Question 21

_______________ _____________ describes a child’s ability to know that objects continue to exist even though they can no longer be seen or heard. This ability starts to appear when the child is about 8 months old.

Answer 21

Object permanence

Question 22

An “________________ _______________” refers to a developmental phenomenon where an infant repeatedly reaches or searches for a hidden object at a familiar location even after seeing it hidden at a new location. This occurs when the infant is about 8 months old, however, it starts to disappear when the infant reaches about 12 months old.

Answer 22

A-not-B error

Question 23

Piaget examined if infants had the ability of object permanence by measuring if the infants had searched for an object hidden underneath a cloth. Results showed that infants below 8 months old (did/did not) search for the object, hence it was theorised that object permanence (did/did not) exist in infants below 8 months old.

Answer 23

did not search, did not exist

Question 24

A possible reason as to why infants did not search for the object in Piaget’s experiment was because the executive resources of the infants were not yet properly developed.

To succeed in a search task, infants have to:
1. Represent the hidden object in ___________
2. _________ a series of actions
3. _________ that series of actions

Answer 24

memory, plan, execute

Question 25

In Baillargeon car study experiment (1986), infants aged 3, 6.5 and 8 months old were tested on the violation of expectation paradigm whereby they observed whether the infants were able to tell that the car is unable to roll through the box. The results showed that infants looked longer at the impossible event rather than the possible event, indicating that they might have _____________ _______________.

Answer 25

object permanence

Question 26

The _______________ stage occurs when a child is between the ages of 2 and 7. The main achieve in this stage are that the child is able to form ______________ ______________, which is their ability to form internal depictions of information.

Answer 26

preoperational, mental representations

Question 27

_______________ ______________ is the ability to use symbols to represent ideas, objects, and events. This ability develops during the preoperational stage.

Answer 27

Symbolic representation

Question 28

_____________ _____________ is when children use their imagination to act out scenarios and take on different roles, it is an example of symbolic representation.

Answer 28

Pretend play

Question 29

_______________ ____________ _______________ refers to the ability to carry out actions mentally and to be able to predict what will happen when performing an action.

Answer 29

Internalisation of actions

Question 30

A child ability to form mental representations can be identified through ________________ _______________, for example in delayed imitation, anticipation in problem solving, pretend play, drawing, and language.

Answer 30

behavioural manifestations

Question 31

A limitation to preoperational thinking is that it can be ____________ and _____________. There are no "operations" which are mental representations of actions that obey logical rules, and it is also not organized into a reversible system (irreversibility).

Answer 31

rigid and inflexible

Question 32

________________ is a limitation of preoperational thinking. It refers to how the ability to understand that certain physical aspects of an object remain the same, even when its outward appearance changes. For example, a child might say that two balls of playdoh of the same volume are different due to one being longer than the other.

Answer 32

Conservation

Question 33

______________ are logical, rule-based ways of comparing mental representations of situations before and after transformations.

Answer 33

Operators

Question 34

Young children fail at conservations tasks because they lack critical ___________ ___________.

Answer 34

mental operators

Question 35

_______________ is a mental operator referring to how a change in one dimension compensates for a change in another dimension. For example, when a beaker of water is poured into a thinner but longer beaker, the change of the width is compensated by the change of the height.

Answer 35

Compensation

Question 36

_______________ is a mental operator which refers how a change can be reversed or "run backward" to return things to their initial condition.

Answer 36

Reversibility

Question 37

______________ is a mental operator which refers how values on a dimension are the same.

Answer 37

Identity

Question 38

A lack of mental operators in the preoperational stage can lead to ____________, which is when the child focuses excessively on one dimension while ignoring other relevant dimensions. They are also unable to focus on two dimensions simultaneously.

Answer 38

centration

Question 39

Children in the preoperational stage are unable to complete the ___________ task, which is to order objects according to a shared property, for example, length or size.

Answer 39

seriation

Question 40

Children in the preoperational terms are unable to think of an object in relation to two or more objects simultaneously, hence, they may get confused with __________ __________, like how the child's aunt could be their father's sister as well as their grandmother's daughter.

Answer 40

kinship terms

Question 41

________________ _______________ is a system that organises items into groups based on levels and orders. Children in the preoperational stage struggle to focus on a whole and its parts simultaneously. In the class inclusion task, children are presented with 3 roses and 2 orchids. When asked about whether there are more roses or flowers, they answer that there are more roses.

Answer 41

Hierarchical classification

Question 42

Children in the preoperational stage are unable to think of appearance and reality simultaneously, which may lead to them to be ______________ ______________ or focused on the appearance. An experiment (Flavell et al. 1983) showed children a white egg, which was then put behind a green filter. When asked what the colour of the egg really was, the children answered that it was green despite being shown that it was white earlier.

Answer 42

perception bound

Question 43

Children in the preoperational stage are unable to think of appearance and reality simultaneously, which may lead them to have ______________ ______________, which is the tendency to focus on reality. The rock sponge task (Flavell et al., 1983) gave the child a sponge to feel which looked very similar to a rock. The child felt the sponge and was asked what the item looked like, the child answered that it looked like a sponge instead of a rock.

Answer 43

intellectual realism

Question 44

________________ is a characteristic of the preoperational stage in Piaget's stage theory. It refers to how children in the stage only attribute their own perceptions, knowledge, and feelings to others and do not consider the others' perspective and perceptions.

Answer 44

Egocentrism

Question 45

_____________ _______________ is common in children in the preoperational stage. It refers to the tendency of how children typically use their own visual perspective rather another's.

Answer 45

Visual egocentrism

Question 46

Piaget's three mountain task was designed to test a child's ability to take another person's perspective. If the child was unable to perform the task, it would be an example of the child having ______________ ______________.

Answer 46

visual egocentrism

Question 47

______________ _____________ describes the way in which preoperational children use their own existing ideas or views, like in egocentrism, to explain cause-and-effect relationships.

Answer 47

Precausal thinking

Question 48

_____________ is when children attribute animate properties to inanimate objects. This commonly occurs in preoperational children. An example of this would be a child saying sorry to a chair after hitting it accidentally.

Answer 48

Animism

Question 49

_______________ refers to the belief that environmental characteristics can be attributed to human actions of interventions. This commonly occurs in preoperational children. For example, a child might say that it is windy outside because someone is blowing very hard, or the cloud are white because someone painted them that colour.

Answer 49

Artificialism

Question 50

________________ _______________ is when a child fails to understand the true relationships between cause and effect. They do not understand true causality and tend to connect unrelated events and give magical explanations. For example, if a child hears a dog bark and then a balloon pop, the child would conclude that because the dog barked, the balloon popped.

Answer 50

Transductive reasoning

Question 51

It is possible that children failed Piaget's original conservations tests due to the following factors: ______________ _____________: the ability to treat quantity as invariant ______________ _____ ______________: the ability to observe the changes attentively ______________ _____________: the ability to understand the words used by the tester ("more", "less", and "same")

Answer 51

Logical capacity Control of attention Language skills

Question 52

The modified conservation tasks (Markman, 1979) looked at 4- and 5-year-olds and how they performed when using ____________ ___________ to describe which army was smaller or bigger.

Answer 52

collective terms

Question 53

The modified 3 mountain task (Borke, 1975) added more details to each mountain so that they looked more different in different angles. 3- and 4-year-olds were tested and performed ___________ in the modified task.

Answer 53

better

Question 54

A children's ability to count is based on three principles: _________________: One number to each object ____________ ____________: Count in the same sequential order ________________: Last number counted shows the total amount

Answer 54

One-to-One Stable order Cardinality

Question 55

An experiment (Gelman and Meck, 1983) using a puppet to test children, between the ages of 3 and 5, to observe counting of items with purposeful mistakes made by the puppet. It was found that the children were (able/unable) to detect violations in the principles of counting, even with large sets.

Answer 55

able

Question 56

A child is attempting to count 5 coins on the table, they count it as "1-2-3-5". This child has violated the ___ principle of counting. a) stable order b) cardinality c) one-to-one d) chronological

Answer 56

c) one-to-one

Question 57

A child is attempting to count 5 coins on the table, they count it as "1-2-4-3-5". This child has violated the ___ principle of counting. a) stable order b) cardinality c) one-to-one d) chronological

Answer 57

a) stable order

Question 58

A child is attempting to count 5 coins on the table, they count it as "1-2-3-4". This child has violated the ___ principle of counting. a) stable order b) cardinality c) one-to-one d) chronological

Answer 58

b) cardinality