Week 9 (Emotional and Moral Development)

Question 1

____ are complex reactions to the environment it is a subjective feeling and is a mixture consisting of a desire to take action, physiological response and cognition.

Answer 1

Emotions

Question 2

The ____ ____ theory suggests that emotions are innate and tied to specific body/facial reactions. It posits that emotions and reactions are present at birth and are distinct from each other.

Answer 2

discrete emotions

Question 3

The ____ theory suggests that emotions have functions and not innate. It posits that emotions serve a particular goal and defined by the environment and emerge with experience (learning to tie particular reactions to particular actions in the environment).

Answer 3

functionalist

Question 4

Babies begin to express emotions from ____, they can express interest, disgust and distress (in a form of a generalised negative response).

Answer 4

birth

Question 5

Positive emotions can appear in the ___ year of an infant’s life.

1 month: Smiles triggered by environment
2-3 months: Voluntary, social smiles
3-4 months: Laughter
7 months: Preference for familiar people

Answer 5

first

Question 6

Negative emotions become more ___ as an infant gets older.

4-8 months: Anger distinct from other distress
6-7 months: Fear of strangers
7-12 months: Fear of loud toys, sudden movements
8-15 months: Separation anxiety

Answer 6

distinct

Question 7

Children can start to express ____ emotions between 18-24 months of age. This includes emotions that involve enhancing or harming the child’s sense of self: pride, embarrassment, shame, and guilt.

Answer 7

self-conscious

Question 8

____ emotions can be due to the emerging of a sense of self in a child, it also requires some amount of cultural learning.

Answer 8

Self-conscious

Question 9

There are three components to understanding the emotions of others:
____ emotions
Understanding ____ of emotions
Understanding ____ and ____ emotions

Answer 9

Identifying emotions
Understanding causes of emotions
Understanding real and false emotions

Question 10

____ ____ refers to the unconscious process where a person’s emotions are influenced or “caught” from those around them. This is present in very young infants and indicates an awareness of emotion, but not necessarily an understanding of it.

Answer 10

Emotional contagion

Question 11

__-__ month old infants can tell apart some emotional expressions, but do not necessarily know what they mean.

Answer 11

4-7

Question 12

__ month old infants can begin to connect emotions to facial expressions and tone of voice.

Answer 12

7

Question 13

__-__ month old infants can begin to relate emotions to their causes in the world. It permits them to perform social referencing.

Answer 13

8-12

Question 14

__-__ year old children have a huge increase in ability to identify emotions. There is an appearance of emotion language and they can label simple emotions (happy, sad, fear, surprise, anger). They are also able to use situational information to identify emotions.

Answer 14

2-5

Question 15

__-__ year old children become able to label more complex emotions, such as pride, shame, and guilt. They also are able to recognise that someone can feel two conflicting emotions at once.

Answer 15

6-10

Question 16

Children identify the causes of different emotions at different ages:
__-__ years: Happiness
__ years: Sadness
__-__ years: Fear, anger
__ years: Shame, guilt, pride, jealousy

Answer 16

2-3 years: Happiness
4 years: Sadness
4-6 years: Fear, anger
7 years: Shame, guilt, pride, jealousy

Question 17

Children who live in dangerous environments can identify fear and anger at a/an ____ stage in life as compared to children who live in safe environments.

a) later
b) earlier
c) same

Answer 17

b) earlier

Question 18

Children start to be able to understand, identify and also even express fake emotions as they get older.

__ years: Attempt to disguise negative emotions
__ years: Understand difference between external and internal emotions

Answer 18

3 years: Attempt to disguise negative emotions
5 years: Understand difference between external and internal emotions

Question 19

A child’s understanding of fake emotions involves two changes:

____: Becomes better at inhibiting/masking emotions
____: Gradual increase in awareness of display rules

Answer 19

Skill: Becomes better at inhibiting/masking emotions
Learning: Gradual increase in awareness of display rules

Question 20

____ ____ are social or cultural norms that dictate how emotions should be expressed in specific situations. It governs what kind of emotional expressions are considered appropriate and can vary dramatically across cultures.

Answer 20

Display rules

Question 21

Children begin to learn display rules from ____ (Malatesta & Haviland, 1982) and they continue to learn culturally specific display rules throughout early and middle childhood.

Answer 21

infancy

Question 22

There are 3 categories of developmental patterns in regulating emotions:
_____ to self
_____ to cognitive
_____ of appropriate strategies

Answer 22

Caregiver to self
Behavioral to cognitive
Selection of appropriate strategies

Question 23

As an infant gets older, they present with different methods of regulating emotions:

Birth - 5 mths: ____ regulate arousal
6 mths: ____; avert attention
1 - 2 yrs: Behavioural ____
3 - 4 yrs: ____

Answer 23

Birth - 5 months: Parents regulate arousal
6 months: Self-soothe; avert attention
1 - 2 years: Behavioral distraction
3 - 4 years: Language

Question 24

Younger children tend to regulate their emotions through distracting themselves by engaging in different ____, such as playing with another toy.

Older children tend to use more ____ strategies such as thinking about something else or reappraising the situation.

Answer 24

behaviours

cognitive

Question 25

There are individual differences in emotion, some may be more expressive, better at regulating or better at selecting appropriate strategies to regulate emotions. This may be due to factors such as ____ and ____.

Answer 25

temperament and socialisation

Question 26

_____ is the process of learning to behave in a way that is acceptable to society. Children tend to rely on their parents through socialising with them.

Answer 26

Socialisation

Question 27

If parents behave in a positive manner and engages in validating a child's emotions and discussing why they feel that way, it may lead to the child having ____ self-esteem. If the child is able to see others' emotions as valid, they would also have ____ empathy. a) less b) more

Answer 27

b) more

Question 28

If the parents or caregiver of a child dismiss the child's feelings and react with hostility. It may lead to the child having ___ aggression, ___ negative emotions, and ___ coping strategies. a) more, more, poorer b) less, less, better c) more, less, poorer d) less, more, better

Answer 28

a) more, more, poorer

Question 29

The level of emotional arousal in parents can also affect the level of emotional arousal in children. Parents who have very intense emotions may influence children to be ____ intense in emotions. Parents who are also very positive can influence children to be ____ positive. a) more, less b) less, more c) more, more d) less, less

Answer 29

c) more, more

Question 30

Children rely on their parents for a _____ of emotion and regulation. A discussion of emotions can lead the child to recognise certain emotions. Explaining when and how to express emotions can also inhibit negative impulses such as hitting or screaming.

Answer 30

model

Question 31

A discussion of emotion during childhood leads to ___ introspection, and ___ coping strategies in adulthood. a) less, worse b) less, better c) more, worse d) more, better

Answer 31

d) more, better

Question 32

A child who is poor in regulating emotions and negative emotionality is predicted to have the following: ____ antisocial behaviour ____ unemployment ____ ____ socially and academically a) More, more, anxiety and/or depression, difficulties b) Less, less, happiness, eases c) More, less, anxiety and/or depression, difficulties d) More, more, happiness, eases

Answer 32

a) More, more, anxiety and/or depression, difficulties

Question 33

The moral development of a child is believe to be a ____ development.

Answer 33

normative

Question 34

The moral development of a child is assumed to be be due to the child's ___ abilities, although there are ___ influences that could affect the child's moral development.

Answer 34

cognitive abilities, social influences

Question 35

A major concern in a child's moral development is the ability to ____ what is right and wrong.

Answer 35

reason

Question 36

The major method of a child's moral development is through empirically testing, by looking at the child's ___ to moral dilemmas.

Answer 36

responses

Question 37

Jean Piaget's theory of moral development suggested that children, before reaching 5 years old, were in a ____ stage where they tend to see rules as absolute and external, imposed by authority figures.

Answer 37

premoral

Question 38

Jean Piaget's theory of moral development argues that the moral development of child is fully complete by the age of ___, whereby they are in the stage of autonomous morality (or cooperative morality). In this stage, the child has acquired a full sense of morality, based on internal ethical principles and the understanding that social rules and norms are flexible and can be questioned.

Answer 38

10

Question 39

Lawrence Kohlberg proposed that there were __ different levels of morality and __ different stages of moral development in children.

Answer 39

3 different levels, 6 different stages

Question 40

In Lawrence Kohlber's stages of moral development theory, the first level is called ____ ____, in this level, the child has not yet adopted or internalised society's conventions regarding what is right or wrong, but instead focuses on external consequences that certain actions may bring.

Answer 40

Preconventional morality

Question 41

Preconventional morality consists of 2 stages: Stage 1 - ___ and ___ ___ Stage 2 - ___ ___ ___

Answer 41

Stage 1 - Punishment and Obedience Orientation Stage 2 – Instrumental Purpose Orientation

Question 42

In stage 1 (punishment and obedience) of Lawrence Kohlberg's stage of moral development, the child focuses on the direct ___ of their actions on themselves and ignores the intentions. For example, an action is perceived as morally wrong because they are being punished for it.

Answer 42

consequences

Question 43

In stage 2 (instrumental purpose) of Lawrence Kohlberg's stage of moral development, the right behaviour is defined by whatever the child believes to be in their ___ interest. It is based on ____ ____ where it posits that social interactions and relationships are built upon a cost-benefit analysis (quid pro quo).

Answer 43

best, exchange theory

Question 44

In Lawrence Kohlber's stages of moral development theory, the second level is called ____ ____, in this level, an individual obeys rules and follows society's norms, even when there are no consequences for obedience or disobedience. Adherence to rules and conventions is somewhat rigid, however, and a rule's appropriateness or fairness is seldom questioned.

Answer 44

conventional morality

Question 45

Conventional morality consists of 2 stages: Stage 3 - "___ ___ or ___" Orientation Stage 4 - ___ ___ ___ Orientation

Answer 45

Stage 3 - “Good Boy or Girl” Orientation Stage 4 - Social Order Maintaining Orientation

Question 46

In stage 3 ("good boy or girl") of Lawrence Kohlberg's stage of moral development, individuals are receptive to ___ or ___ from others as it reflects society's views. The morality of an action may be judged by evaluating its consequences in terms of a person's relationships.

Answer 46

approval or disapproval

Question 47

In stage 4 (social order maintaining) of Lawrence Kohlberg's stage of moral development, individuals feel that it is important to obey laws, and social conventions because of their importance in ____ a functioning society. If one person violates a law, perhaps everyone would, thus, when someone does violate a law, it is morally wrong.

Answer 47

maintaining

Question 48

In Lawrence Kohlber's stages of moral development theory, the third level is called ____ ____, it is marked by a growing realisation that individuals are separate entities from society, and that the individual's own perspective may take precedence over society's views. Hence, individuals may disobey rules inconsistent with their own principles.

Answer 48

postconventional morality

Question 49

Postconventional morality consists of 2 stages: Stage 5 - ____-____ Orientation Stage 6 - ____ ____ ____ Orientation

Answer 49

Stage 5 - Social-Contract Orientation Stage 6 - Universal Ethical Principle Orientation

Question 50

In stage 5 (social-contract orientation) of Lawrence Kohlberg's stage of moral development, the world is viewed as holding different opinions, rights, and values. Laws are regarded as ___ ___ rather than rigid edicts, they are flexible instruments for human purposes and can be broken if it violates human rights.

Answer 50

social contracts

Question 51

In stage 6 (universal ethical principle) of Lawrence Kohlberg's stage of moral development, moral reasoning is based on ___ reasoning using universal ethical principles. Laws are valid only insofar as they are grounded in justice, with an obligation to disobey unjust laws.

Answer 51

abstract

Question 52

Some limitations to Lawrence Kohlberg's moral stage theory are that it is ___ and ___ as the number of stages were changed several times by Kohlberg, and there is difficulty classifying individuals into just one stage. It is also cross-culturally ___ as not all cultures progress through the stages. It is also prone to gender ___ as the data is only based from middle-class boys.

Answer 52

vague and inconsistent cross-culturally invalid gender biases

Question 53

A study by Hamlin & Wynn (2011) showed that infants, as young as 3-months-old, preferred those who behaved ____ versus those who behaved ____. a) prosocially, antisocially b) antisocially, prosocially

Answer 53

a) prosocially, antisocially

Question 54

An experiment by Felix Warneken indicated that even in novel situations, children are ____ to help even if it takes them extra effort to do so. a) unwilling b) willing c) unable d) too confused

Answer 54

b) willing

Question 55

The toy car rolling experiment by Valerie Kuhlmeier indicated that children ____ pay attention to the intentions of people, and from there, decide to help based on the intentions of the person. a) are able to b) are unable to c) do not

Answer 55

a) are able to

Question 56

The candy hiding task by Kang Lee indicated that children were ___ from the beginning and start to develop ___ tendencies at around 2-4 years of age. a) dishonest, honesty b) honest, dishonesty c) honest, honesty d) dishonest, dishonesty

Answer 56

b) honest, dishonesty

Question 57

In Kang Lee's toy peeking task, it showed that dishonesty between toddlers ___. a) was not cross-cultural b) was cross-cultural c) did not exist d) only occurred in Chinese toddlers

Answer 57

b) was cross-cultural

Question 58

In Renee Baillargeon's sticker group tasks children were able to __. 1) Recognize in-groups and out-groups 2) Recognize group members should help each other 3) Recognize that we should hinder others not in our group 4) Recognize that unprovoked violence is morally outrageous 5) Recognize that we should help out-group members more than in-group members Which statements are true? a) All of the above b) 1, 3, 4, 5 c) 1, 2, 3, 4 d) None of the above

Answer 58

c) 1, 2, 3, 4