Week 10 (Parenting & Context)

Question 1

To study if developmental outcomes are due to nature are nurture, we can look into twin studies and compare the similarities of identical (100% shared genes) and fraternal (50% shared genes) twins.

Most studies show that ____

a) Genes account for all of the variance between individuals.
b) Genes do not account for any of the variance between individuals at all.
c) Genes are important but do not account for all of the variance.
d) Genes are the most important factor to account for variance between individuals.

Answer 1

c) Genes are important but do not account for all of the variance.

Question 2

Showing how parenting affects developmental outcomes and how those outcomes can also affect the method of parenting is called ____ ____.

Answer 2

child-parent transactions

Question 3

There are 3 main aspects of parenting practices that matter:
____ (___) - Support, encouragement, acceptance
____ (___) - Limit setting, monitoring, firm enforcement
____ (___ ___) - Dominate, pressure, intrude

Answer 3

Warmth (Responsiveness)
Structure (Demandingness)
Intrusiveness (Psychological Control)

Question 4

Diana Baumrind’s research led to her categorising 4 different parenting styles:
______ (High warmth, high structure, low intrusiveness)
______ (High warmth, low structure, low intrusiveness)
______ (Low warmth, high structure, high intrusiveness)
______ (Low warmth, low structure, high/low intrusiveness)

Answer 4

Authoritative (High warmth, high structure, low intrusiveness)
Permissive (High warmth, low structure, low intrusiveness)
Authoritarian (Low warmth, high structure, high intrusiveness)
Neglecting/Rejecting (Low warmth, low structure, high/low intrusiveness)

Question 5

Based on surveys done by Lamborn, Mounts, Steinberg, & Dornbusch (1991) it was found that:

1) Authoritative was the overall best parenting style
2) The social skills of children under the permissive parenting style were the best overall
3) Authoritarian was the overall worst parenting style
4) Externalising symptoms (e.g., drug use) is similar between authoritarian and authoritative
5) Internalising symptoms is similar between permissive and authoritative

Which statements are true?
a) All of the above
b) None of the above
c) 1, 2, 3, 5
d) 2, 3, 4, 5
e) 1, 2, 4, 5

Answer 5

e) 1, 2, 4, 5

Question 6

The aspect of ____ in parenting conveys valued standards and behaviour, it limits exposure to risky situations. It also generates parental knowledge and requires self-control.

Answer 6

structure

Question 7

If the aspect of structure is high in parenting it can lead to ____ externalising symptoms and ____ achievement.

a) low, high
b) high, high
c) low, low
d) high, low

Answer 7

a) low, high

Question 8

The aspect of ____ in parenting can undermine a child’s sense of autonomy, interfering with their own sense of competence and worth. It can also convey rejection towards the child.

Answer 8

intrusiveness

Question 9

If the aspect of structure is high in parenting it can lead to ____ internalising symptoms

a) low
b) high

Answer 9

b) high

Question 10

The ____ perspective of parenting posits that all children has an innate need to feel autonomous and connected and that intrusiveness in parenting undermines the fulfilment of need regardless of culture.

Answer 10

universalist

Question 11

The ____ hypothesis is a culture-specific perspective whereby it posits that the US is oriented towards independence, but other countries are oriented towards interdependence, hence, children do not mind intrusiveness as they are more willing to take on parents’ demands.

Answer 11

culture-interdependence

Question 12

The ____ hypothesis is a culture-specific perspective whereby it assumes that in countries where intrusiveness is common, children do not attach negative meaning to its frequent use, and intrusiveness is exerted more deliberately and calmly.

Answer 12

normative

Question 13

____ ____ refers to when parents attempt to control their child’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviours through guilt induction, shaming, love withdrawal, and authority assertion.

Answer 13

Psychological intrusiveness

Question 14

Psychological intrusiveness is ___ common in east Asian countries rather than Western countries.

a) more
b) less
c) same amount

Answer 14

a) more

Question 15

A study done by Wang, Pomerantz, & Chen (2007) looked at the emotional well-being of children in the US and in China based on low and high intrusiveness. It was found that:

1) The study supports the normative hypothesis as children in the US had generally higher emotional well-being than children in China
2) The study supports the universality hypothesis as children who had low intrusiveness in both countries had higher emotional well-being

Which statements are true?
a) All statements are true
b) 1 only
c) 2 only
d) None of the statements are true

Answer 15

a) All statements are true

Question 16

A study by Lansford et al., (2005) looked at the effects of physical discipline in 6 countries: Thailand, China, Philippines, Italy, India, and Kenya.

It was found that:
1) It supports the universalist perspective as children in most countries had a higher adjustment difficulty if physical discipline was high
2) It supports the normative perspective as some countries did not have an increase in adjustment difficulty if physical discipline was high

Which statements are true?
a) All are true
b) 1 only
c) 2 only
d) None are true

Answer 16

b) 1 only

Question 17

A study by Won, Kyeong, & Setoh (2025) looked at how physical discipline affected behaviours and the mediating roles of attachment dimensions. Which of the following statements regarding maternity are true?

1) Severe physical discipline was highly correlated with externalising problems and internalising problems
2) Psychological aggression was highly correlated with trust, quality of communication, and alienation
3) Alienation played a mediating role between psychological aggression and externalising and internalising problems
4) Minor physical discipline was not correlated with any attachment dimensions and behavioural problems

a) All of them
b) 1, 2, 4
c) 2, 3, 4
d) None of the above

Answer 17

c) 2, 3, 4

Question 18

A study by Won, Kyeong, & Setoh (2025) looked at how physical discipline affected behaviours and the mediating roles of attachment dimensions. Which of the following statements regarding paternity are true?

1) Psychological aggression was highly correlated with trust, quality of communication, and alienation
2) Severe physical discipline was correlated to externalising problems
3) Quality of communication and alienation was highly correlated with externalising problems, and also played a mediating role between psychological aggression and externalising problems
4) Alienation played a mediating role between psychological aggression and internalising problems

a) All of them
b) 1, 3, 4
c) 1, 2, 4
d) 2, 3, 4

Answer 18

a) All of them

Question 19

____ may affect the childrearing goals and practices of parents and can influence a child’s functioning.

Answer 19

Culture

Question 20

Which statements are true?

1) Every culture has clear ideals for what a child should become, for what makes a good person/adult.
2) For an American, an intelligent child is considered to be someone who is responsible and does all the chores.
3) For a Kipsigis, a Kenyan ethnic group, an intelligent child is someone who is aggressive and competitive.
4) Cultural norms are often a reflection of the economic setting of the people: agrarian vs. urban-industrialised societies

a) All statements are true
b) 2, 3 only
c) 1, 4 only
d) None of the above

Answer 20

c) 1, 4 only

Question 21

Which statements are true?

1) For Americans (and Western Europeans), the self is constantly attended to and its self-esteem is boosted. It is also differentiated from the others and asserted in a variety of ways such as through our daily behaviours and choices.
2) For Japanese (and other Asian, African, and Latin-American cultures), the self is de-emphasised, and there is more a need to attend to and fit in with others. There is a need to maintain harmonious relationships with others.

a) All statements are true
b) 1 only
c) 2 only
d) None are true

Answer 21

a) All statements are true

Question 22

____ ____ is the stories parents tell others about their children in the presence of their children.

Answer 22

Personal storytelling

Question 23

A study by Miller et al., (1997) looked at the difference in personal storytelling between Taiwanese and American parents. Which of the statements are true?

1) Taiwanese parents focused more on their children’s misbehaviour in personal storytelling
2) American parents tend to use personal storytelling as a means of teaching moral and social standards
3) Taiwanese parents tended to use their children as entertainment and the affirmation of the child (boosting their self-esteem)

a) All statements are true
b) 2, 3
c) 1 only
d) None of the above

Answer 23

c) 1 only

Question 24

A study (Chen et al., 1992) looked at the cultural differences in shyness and popularity among children. Which of these statements are true?

1) Children who were described to be shy were less likely to be popular in China than in Canada
2) Children who were described to be shy were less likely to be popular in Canada than in China

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) None of the above

Answer 24

b) 2 only

Question 25

A study (Iyengar & Lepper, 1999) looked at how motivating a mother's choice can be at solving anagrams. Which of these statements are true? 1) Asian American children did significantly better if their mother chose the anagram type for them 2) European American children did significant better if they chose the anagram type themselves 3) Both categories of children did poorly if the experimenter chose the anagram type for them 4) European American children did worse if the anagram type was chosen by their mother a) All are true b) 1, 2, 4 only c) 1, 3, 4 only d) None of the above

Answer 25

a) All are true

Question 26

____ ____ of parenting refers to how a parents' own experiences during childhood can affect their parenting strategies towards their own children.

Answer 26

Intergenerational transmission

Question 27

Galinsky (1987) identified six stages of parenthood that focused on different tasks and goals: Stage 1: ___-___ Stage Stage 2: ___ Stage Stage 3: ___ Stage Stage 4: ___ Stage Stage 5: ___ Stage Stage 6: ___ Stage

Answer 27

Stage 1: Image-Making Stage Stage 2: Nurturing Stage Stage 3: Authority Stage Stage 4: Interpretive Stage Stage 5: Interdependent Stage Stage 6: Departure Stage

Question 28

A ___ is an environment that are embedded in children and adults that are complex, dynamic, and hierarchically nested.

Answer 28

context

Question 29

A context is ___ as it influences and is being influenced by developing children.

Answer 29

complex

Question 30

A context is ___ as salient contexts change with the development of a child.

Answer 30

dynamic

Question 31

A context is ___ ___ as the set of contexts can vary in degree of proximity to an individual, which is in the center of these set of contexts.

Answer 31

hierarchically nested

Question 32

____ are an immediate context in which the child actually and physically experiences, it can be a system of people, groups, or institutions that play an immediate and explicit role in a child's life. For example, family, school, neighbourhood, peer group, child care, and TV.

Answer 32

Microsystems

Question 33

____ are links or connections that are among two or more microsystems in an individual's life, for example, links between family and school or links between siblings and peers.

Answer 33

Mesosystems

Question 34

____ are settings the child never experiences directly, but still influence development indirectly. For example, parents' experiences at work or a state budget crisis that affects school funding.

Answer 34

Exosystems

Question 35

A ____ is a culture context in which microsystems, mesosystems, and exosystems are embedded. It represents the broadest level of influence, encompassing cultural values, beliefs, and societal structures that shape individual development. For example, attitudes towards achievement, the role of women in society, GDP, and parenting goals.

Answer 35

macrosystem

Question 36

The ____ refers to the dimension of time and is made up of environmental events and transitions that occur throughout a child's life, including any sociohistorical events. For example, age of child, or the time period of when the child was born in.

Answer 36

chronosystem

Question 37

Cultures differ in their beliefs about sleeping arrangements for children, or co-sleeping. This is an example of a ____ difference affecting a child's ____

Answer 37

macrosystem difference affecting a child's microsystem.

Question 38

___ is a practice in which babies and young children sleep close to one or both parents, as opposed to in a separate room.

Answer 38

Co-sleeping

Question 39

A study (Morelli et al. 1992) was done looking into cultural differences of sleeping arrangements. Which of the following statements are true? 1) American parents preferred sleeping with their child in the same room with them 2) Mayan parents preferred sleeping with their child in the same room with them 3) American parents preferred their child sleeping in a separate bed in the mom's room or in another room alone. a) 1, 2 only b) 2, 3 only c) 2 only d) 3 only

Answer 39

b) 2, 3 only

Question 40

A study (Morelli et al. 1992) was done looking into cultural differences of sleeping arrangements. Which of the following statements are true? 1) U.S. parents justified their sleeping arrangements by stating wanted to focus on developing independence and self-reliance in their child 2) Mayan parents justified their sleeping arrangements by stating that sleep is a social event and should be enjoyed as a family a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 1 and 2 d) None of the above

Answer 40

c) 1 and 2

Question 41

____ childcare refers to arrangements where individuals other than the child's biological parents are responsible for caring for and supervising the child.

Answer 41

Non-parental

Question 42

The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) conducted a study of early child care, 1400 children were followed longitudinally. Which statements about the findings are true? 1) High quality of care tended to predict better cognitive development in children 2) Higher quantity of care predicted social competence, assertiveness and self-sufficiency 3) High quantity of care predicted social-emotional problems 4) High quality of care predicted disturbed stress responses and abnormal cortisol responses at age 15 a) All statements are true b) 1, 2, 4 c) 1, 2, 3 d) None of the above

Answer 42

c) 1, 2, 3

Question 43

Using Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory, one might categorise television into the following systems: ____: Increased availability of mass media in modern decades ____: Type of TV programming prevalent in culture ____: How much TV? What are the effects of different types of programming? Parental control in TV?

Answer 43

Chronosystem Macrosystem Microsystem

Question 44

Television violence can affect a child's development, leading to two possible perspectives: ____ ____: TV can provide a release for negative emotions ____ ____: TV can teach children violent behaviours

Answer 44

Catharsis hypothesis Social learning

Question 45

Several non-experimental, experimental, and longitudinal studies were conducted to see the effects of violent TV programs on developmental outcomes. Which of the statements are true? 1) Watching of violent television tended to predict violent behaviours and is consistent across all studies 2) The effects were only observed in boys and not in girls 3) The effects persisted over time a) All statements are true b) 1 and 2 only c) 1 and 3 only d) None of the above

Answer 45

c) 1 and 3 only

Question 46

Positive programming in television tended to have ____ impact on children. a) a more positive b) a more negative c) no d) an undetermined

Answer 46

a) a more positive