Week 8 (Attachment and Temperament)

Question 1

_____ is an emotional connection through time between a child and its caretaker. It serves as a secure base for exploration and a safe haven for the child to retreat to in times of distress.

Answer 1

Attachment

Question 2

Freud’s _____ theory is a precursor to John Bowlby’s attachment theory, Freud focused more on the dynamics of how the parents influenced the development of a child. However, it was more of a retrospective approach and not very objective as it relied on the grown-up’s recollection of their childhood and not their actual objective experiences.

Answer 2

psychoanalytic

Question 3

Clark Hull’s ____ ____ theory posits that early parent-child relationship develops because the parent satisfies the child’s physiological needs (i.e. hunger, thirst), restoring the child’s state to a state of balance called homeostasis.

Answer 3

drive reduction

Question 4

Harry Harlow empirically tested Clark Hull’s drive reduction theory and discovered that there was evidence of ___ ___ through his experimentation with infant monkeys. It was found that these monkeys preferred the cloth surrogate mothers (providing ___ ___) over the wire mothers that provide food but no comfort.

Answer 4

contact comfort

Question 5

John Bowlby’s ______ theory originates in clinical work, it draws on Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, ethology and Harry Harlow’s research on contact comfort.

Answer 5

attachment

Question 6

John Bowlby’s _____ theory posits that infants need to form a close relationship with at least one primary caregiver to ensure their survival, and to develop healthy social and emotional functioning.

Answer 6

attachment

Question 7

There are 4 main phases of John Bowlby’s attachment theory that occur throughout an infant’s life:
_____ (birth to 6 weeks)
_____ _____ _____ _____ (6 weeks to 6-8 months)
_____ _____ (6-8 months to 18 months-2 years)
_____ _____ (2+ years)

Answer 7

Preattachment (birth to 6 weeks)
Attachment in the making (6 weeks to 6-8 months)
Clear-cut attachment (6-8 months to 18 months-2 years)
Reciprocal relationships (2+ years)

Question 8

The _____ stage, of John Bowlby’s attachment theory, is the initial stage of attachment, typically occurring from birth to around 6 weeks of age. In this stage infants show no particular preference for one caregiver over another.

Answer 8

preattachment

Question 9

The ____ ____ ____ ____ stage is the second phase of John Bowlby’s attachment theory. It typically occurs around 6 weeks and lasts until the infant is around 6 to 8 months of age.

Here, infants begin to form a preference for a particular caregiver and they start to respond different to familiar faces compared to strangers, being easily soothed or smiling more by familiar caregivers.

Answer 9

attachment in the making

Question 10

The ____ ____ stage is the third phase of John Bowlby’s attachment theory, it typically occurs when the infant is between 6 and 8 months old until between 18 to 24 months old.

In this stage, infants actively seek proximity to their primary caregiver, showing separation anxiety and relying on the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the world.

Answer 10

clear-cut attachment

Question 11

_____ _____ refers to when infants or young children get anxious or distressed when they have to separate from their parent or main caregivers. It usually occurs after the infant reaches around 6 months of age.

Answer 11

Separation anxiety

Question 12

_____ _____ is the final stage of John Bowlby’s attachment theory, whereby there is a two-way, interactive process between the infant and the caregiver. It typically occurs when the child reaches beyond 2 years of age.

In this stage, the child and the caregiver respond to each other’s signals and behaviours, fostering the emotional bond and trust between each other.

Answer 12

Reciprocal relationships

Question 13

_____ _____ refers to when infants or toddlers experience distress when they encounter unfamiliar people. It typically starts around 6-8 months of age and can peak between 12-15 months, subsiding before a child reaches 2 years of age.

Answer 13

Stranger anxiety

Question 14

_____ _____ refers to the process whereby infants and young children look to their caregivers or other adults for emotional cues to understand and regulate their behaviour in unfamiliar or uncertain situations.

Answer 14

Social referencing

Question 15

_____ refers to how infants and young children react once their caregiver returns after being separated from them.

Answer 15

Greetings

Question 16

_____ ____ ____ refers to a child’s ability to explore their environment confidently, knowing that they have a reliable and secure caregiver to return to for comfort and support.

Answer 16

Secure base behaviour

Question 17

Mary Ainsworth’s ____ ____ procedure is used to assess attachment quality in 1 to 2-year-olds. There is a series of separations and reunions with the mother and also when a stranger is introduced, the reactions of the child is then observed to determine the quality of attachment.

Answer 17

strange situation

Question 18

Through the Strange Situation procedure, Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues observed and classified 4 different types of attachment between infants and their caregivers:
_____
_____-_____
_____-_____
_____/_____

Answer 18

Secure
Insecure-Avoidant
Insecure-Resistant
Disorganised/Disoriented

Question 19

In the ____ attachment type, the infant explores freely in the caregiver’s presence. It also often gets visibly upset when the caregiver leaves, and greets the caregiver warmly when they return and can be soothed by the caregiver quite easily.

Answer 19

secure

Question 20

In the ____-____ attachment type, the infant shows little or no distress at separation and avoids contact with caregiver upon return. The infant may also show more positive behaviour with the stranger than with the caregiver.

Answer 20

insecure-avoidant

Question 21

In the ____-____ attachment type, the infant gets extremely distressed by separation and is difficult to be soothed by caregiver upon return. The infant shows a mix of proximity-seeking and angry behaviours.

Answer 21

insecure-resistant

Question 22

In the ____/____ attachment type, the infant displays confused and contradictory behaviours, it mostly shows dazed and fearful facial expressions

Answer 22

disorganised/disoriented

Question 23

In Japan, the quality of attachment may have a cultural variation, as infants are rarely separated from the mother and they are much more dependent on the mother. This may lead to babies being more of the ____-____ attachment type.

Answer 23

insecure-resistant

Question 24

There are 4 main hypotheses of John Bowlby’s attachment theory:
_____ hypothesis
_____ hypothesis
_____ hypothesis
_____ hypothesis

Answer 24

Universality
Normativity
Sensitivity
Competence

Question 25

The ____ hypothesis of attachment theory assumes that all humans (especially infants) have a tendency to form emotional bonds with caregivers to ensure survival.

Answer 25

universality

Question 26

The ____ hypothesis of attachment theory assumes that most infants form a "secure" attachment relationship between themselves and their caregiver, however, different attachment types may be based on different cultures. Nevertheless, there is strong support to suggest that the "secure" attachment type is the majority most of the time.

Answer 26

normativity

Question 27

The ____ hypothesis of attachment theory assumes that individual differences are due to differences in sensitive parenting. This suggests that there is a huge responsibility on the type of parenting in the quality of attachment.

Answer 27

sensitivity

Question 28

The ____ hypothesis of attachment theory assumes that individual differences in attachments can predict future competence, such as relationships between peers and significant others.

Answer 28

competence

Question 29

Johnson, Dweck & Chen (2007) tested the expectations of infants based on their attachment styles. The infants were habituated by geometric characters and acted out scenes based on separation anxiety, with sounds of human crying. It was found that secure babies looked ___ at the unresponsive giver event, and insecure babies looked ___ at the unresponsive caregiver event. a) more, less b) less, more c) the same amount, the same amount

Answer 29

a) more, less

Question 30

There is evidence to suggest that attachment styles has ___ impact on social functioning and competence, such as initiating and maintaining successful relationships, greater social participation, and a positive self-image. a) no b) an

Answer 30

b) an

Question 31

Emotional understanding and self-regulation can also be affected by attachment styles. It was found in a longitudinal study by Kochanska (2001) that children exhibited ____ negative emotions (e.g., fear, anger) than securely attached children. a) less b) the same amount c) more

Answer 31

c) more

Question 32

______ refers to individual differences in emotional reactivity, self-regulation, and activity level that are present from birth, biologically based and relatively stable across time.

Answer 32

Temperament

Question 33

The New York longitudinal study done by Thomas & Chess (1986), was the first major study of temperament. It followed 141 participants from their infancy to adulthood and the parents were interviewed about their children. There were 3 major findings from the study: ___ dimensions of temperament ___ temperament types ___

Answer 33

9 dimensions of temperament 4 temperament types "Goodness-of-fit"

Question 34

The 9 dimensions of temperament are:

Answer 34

Mood, Approach/Withdrawal, Adaptability, Intensity, Rhythm, Persistence, Threshold, Activity, Distractibility

Question 35

The ___ dimension of temperament is the predominant quality of young children. It looks at whether the ___ of the child is habitually positive or negative. Positive ___: 5 mths old, smile and laugh at parents 2 yrs old, happily plays with parents/siblings 10 yrs old, gets joy from accomplishments Negative ___: 5 mths old, fussy during/after eating, cries often 2 yrs old, cries when mother leaves briefly 10 yrs old, intense distress when unable to complete homework problems

Answer 35

mood

Question 36

The _____/_____ dimension of temperament looks at how the child responds to novelty. Bold children are high on ____ and low on ____, they enjoy encountering new people/situations and are not afraid to take risks. Shy children are high on ____ and low on ____, they do not like new activities and are tentative/frightened by new people/situations.

Answer 36

approach/withdrawal dimension Bold children are high on approach and low on withdrawal Shy children are high on withdrawal and low on approach

Question 37

The ____ dimension of temperament looks at how the child responds to changes in daily routine. ____ children: As infants, can nap wherever and whenever. As toddlers, ok with a weekend at another person's house. As teenagers, readily adapt to secondary school. Non-____ children: As infants, must nap at a specific time/place. As toddlers, can be distressed by a new babysitter. As teenagers, stressed out by a new teacher/school.

Answer 37

adaptability dimension Adaptive children Non-adaptive children

Question 38

The ____ dimension of temperament looks at how strong the child's emotional reactions are. Children with extreme ___ can exhibit extreme highs and lows, like being very loud and expressive when excited, or, cry for hours when a toy is taken away. Children with mellow ___ have much more subdued reactions, smiling quietly at a pleasant toy/movie and whimper or cry softly when sad.

Answer 38

intensity

Question 39

The ____ dimension of temperament looks at how regular the child's biological cycles are, for example, sleep/wake times and feeding times. Predictable or regular children sleep and eat at the same time every day, and tend to eat and/or sleep the same amount. Unpredictable or irregular children can have varied time/amount of sleep and eating from day to day.

Answer 39

rhythm

Question 40

The ____ dimension of temperament looks at how children responds to challenges. ____ children work hard on a challenging puzzle, and would rather practice a difficult skill rather than giving up. Non-____ children tend to give up on challenging problems, and decide that they are just "not good" at things.

Answer 40

Persistence Persistent children Non-persistent children

Question 41

The ____ dimension of temperament relates to how sensitive is the child to sensory stimuli, such as light, noise and touch/temperature. Infants with a high ____ may be able to sleep through loud parties and ignore commotions in restaurants. Infants with a low ____ notices even soft sounds and can be irritated by certain fabrics or tags in clothing.

Answer 41

threshold

Question 42

The ____ dimension of temperament looks at what proportion of the child's time is spent being active or inactive. Children with high ____ may kick, walk, and run a lot. They also need relatively little sleep and hate bed time. They may also be fidgety and be unable to sit still in class and enjoy playing sports. Children with low ____ may sit still while dressing, eating, and sleeping. They also enjoy more quiet play and reading, they also tend to sleep more.

Answer 42

activity

Question 43

The ____ dimension of temperament looks at how good a child is at focusing on an object/task and how good they are at ignoring distractions. ____ children: Infants: Attention is caught by any distracter Toddlers: Stop crying if an activity is mentioned Older child: Need silence for homework Non-____ children: Infants: Focus on one toy for long periods Toddlers: Difficult to distract from a desired toy Older child: Can read/study with TV on

Answer 43

distractibility dimension Distractible children Non-distractible children

Question 44

The 4 temperament types are:

Answer 44

Easy, Difficult, Slow-to-warm-up, and Average

Question 45

The ____ temperament type tends to have more positive moods, be more regular/rhythmic body functions, be more adaptable and have a mild to moderate intensity in emotions.

Answer 45

easy

Question 46

The ____ temperament type tends to have more negative moods, be more active, have irregular sleep cycles/bodily functions, non-adaptive, withdraw from novelty, and have intense emotional reactions.

Answer 46

difficult

Question 47

The ____/____ temperament type withdraws from novelty or tend to be slow to engage in novel situations. They also are slow to adapt, have mild to moderate emotional reactions, and are low in activity.

Answer 47

slow-to-warm-up/shy

Question 48

The ____ temperament type do not fall into any of the other categories and may not be particularly high/low in a temperament dimension.

Answer 48

average

Question 49

The New York longitudinal study, by Thomas & Chess (1986), suggested that temperament is highly consistent between infancy and adulthood. It also posits that temperament is able to predict other outcomes: "Easy" children tended to have more ____ outcomes. "Difficult" children were most at risk for ____ outcomes. "Shy" children were at moderate risk for ____ outcomes.

Answer 49

"Easy" children tended to have more positive outcomes. "Difficult" children were most at risk for negative outcomes. "Shy" children were at moderate risk for negative outcomes.

Question 50

Thomas & Chess (1986) have suggested that the effects of temperament is an interaction between nature and the environment, parents can have an effect on their children. They also suggest that being born with a particular temperament means that you ____ have a particular outcome. a) will b) will not

Answer 50

b) will not

Question 51

Thomas and Chess (1986) suggest that there is a "____ ____ ____" between child and parent. If the parents work with children, they tend to have more positive outcomes, rather than if they worked against their children.

Answer 51

goodness of fit

Question 52

Child temperament can influence how parents behave with their children. ____ children may lead parents to feel that they are parenting more effectively (Eisenberg et al., 2008). Conversely, ____ children may lead parents to believe that they are parenting less effectively, and may become more punitive (Eisenberg et al., 1999; Kiff et al., 2011)

Answer 52

Easy, difficult

Question 53

A criticism of Thomas and Chess's longitudinal study (1986) are that there were a possibility of ____ effects as the same interviewer talked to parents each time, the interviewers knowledge of the child may have coloured their questions and interpretations of the parents' responses. All the data was also from parental reports which may lead to biases such as the ____ ____ bias and ____ bias.

Answer 53

halo effects social desirability bias and negativity bias