Week 1: Introduction

Question 1

One of the major questions to child psychology are ______________, an example of this is: How do children typically develop the knowledge, skills, and personality characteristics that allow them to become successful adults?

Answer 1

normative

Question 2

One of the major questions to child psychology are ______________ ______________, an example of this is: How do variations (differences) among children come about?

Answer 2

individual differences

Question 3

In the nature vs nurture argument, _____________ refers to genetic factors which shape our traits and characteristics, whereas __________ refers to environmental factors, such as upbringing, culture and experiences, which shape our traits and characteristics.

Answer 3

nature, nurture

Question 4

The ____________________ ____________________ refers to the interplay of genes (and, more broadly, genome function) and the physical and social environment.

Answer 4

gene-environment interaction

Question 5

In research into infants and children, the researchers study responses that are separated into three distinct categories: _________________ or _________________ responses, _________________ responses, and _________________ responses.

Answer 5

involuntary or obligatory, voluntary, psychophysiological

Question 6

________________ or ________________ responses are behaviours in which individuals engage that do not require much conscious thought or effort.

Answer 6

Involuntary or obligatory

Question 7

_________________ responses are usually measured through recording of biological measures (such as heart rate and hormone levels) and neurological responses (such as brain activity) that may be associated with observable behaviours.

Answer 7

Psychophysiological

Question 8

__________________ __________________ describes a child’s ability to know that an item or thing continues to exist even though they can no longer be seen or heard.

Answer 8

Object permanence

Question 9

______________ _______________ is the study of how babies think and learn, and how their understanding of the world develops.

Answer 9

Infant cognition

Question 10

The scientific method consists of a ___________, which is an integrated set of statements that describe, explain, and predict a behaviour, and a ______________, which is a prediction about a behaviour that is drawn from the former.

Answer 10

theory, hypothesis

Question 11

The key to science is evaluating hypotheses and theories on the basis of ______.

Answer 11

data

Question 12

Questionnaires, surveys and interviews are examples of a ______________ study.

Answer 12

self-report

Question 13

A __________ scale is a rating scale used to measure participants’ opinions, attitudes, motivations, and more. It usually includes a point scale like from 1 to 5.

Answer 13

Likert

Question 14

Likert scales are generally a _________ way to gather lots of information, it also has a _______________ format which allows for easy comparison across participants.

Answer 14

quick/fast, standardized

Question 15

Some issues regarding Likert scales and checklists are that they have relatively _________ depth, they are also prone to ________________ bias.

Answer 15

little, presentation

Question 16

_______________ _______________ bias is a type of response bias that is the tendency for survey respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favourably by others. Their true intentions or opinions are concealed due to this.

Answer 16

Social desirability

Question 17

______________ are a qualitative research method that involves asking questions to gather data.

Answer 17

Interviews

Question 18

Interviews can either be ___________, in which questions are predetermined in both topic and order, or ____________ where some questions are predetermined, but others are not.

Answer 18

clinical/structured, semi-structured

Question 19

Interviews are a useful research method as they allow participants to express thoughts in their own words, it can also be a _____________ setting and be flexible, and researchers are more likely to get ___________ depth of information.

Answer 19

comfortable, better

Question 20

Interviews may not be very _______________ as not everyone might have the same experience and answers. It is also prone to the _____________ ______________ where the interviewer may lead the interviewee to answer questions differently.

Answer 20

generalisable, interview effect

Question 21

There are 2 types of systematic observational research methods, ______________ and ______________ observations.

Answer 21

naturalistic and structured

Question 22

______________ observation is a qualitative research method where you record the behaviour of people (or animals) in their natural environment. It is a non-experimental method that does not involve manipulating the environment.

Answer 22

Naturalistic

Question 23

Naturalistic observations provide ______________ validity which is a type of external validity in which it is a measure of how well the findings of an experiment are sufficiently relevant to its population (i.e. to real world situations).

Answer 23

ecological

Question 24

Naturalistic observations may result in a _________ base rate of behaviour being observed, for example, when observing a child using a tablet device, there is not much behaviour to be displayed or observed.

Answer 24

low

Question 25

A phenomenon called ___________ may occur during naturalistic and structured observations, this is when the subject being observed alter their behaviour or performance after being made aware that they are being observed.

Answer 25

reactivity

Question 26

As naturalistic observations only consist of observations in a natural environment, there can be a lack of ________________ ________________ as there are no other observations to compare to.

Answer 26

controlled comparisons

Question 27

_______________ observations are a research method that involves observing and recording behaviours in a systematic way, for example, observing the behaviour of a subject that is placed in a lab or a specific environment.

Answer 27

Structured

Question 28

Structured observations have ___________ ecological validity when compared to naturalistic observations.

Answer 28

lesser

Question 29

Structured observations are more ____________ in observing behaviours that may occur infrequently, we are also able to ___________ observe the behaviour of interest.

Answer 29

efficient, directly

Question 30

__________________ research is a research method that involves observing the same individuals or variables over a long period of time.

Answer 30

Longitudinal

Question 31

_________________ is a phenomenon where a subject demonstrates decreased attention (through looking or listening behaviour) to repeatedly-presented stimuli.

Answer 31

Habituation

Question 32

Habituation capitalizes on observing ____________ responses of an infant, as they do not require much effort to produce these responses, such as looking at the stimuli.

Answer 32

involuntary

Question 33

___________________ is a phenomenon where a subject demonstrates increased attention (through looking or listening behaviour) to a new stimulus after having been habituated to a different stimulus.

Answer 33

Dishabituation

Question 34

The ________________ _________________ ________________ _________________ is a common research method used to observe infants' behaviour. The infants are expected to respond in a particular way because one of two conditions violates or goes against what they should expect based on their everyday experiences.

Answer 34

violation of expectation paradigm

Question 35

The _____________ principle is the idea that two solid masses should not be able to move through one another.

Answer 35

solidity

Question 36

A __________________ study is a type of research design in which researchers collect data from a population (possibly by category) at a specific point in time.

Answer 36

cross-sectional

Question 37

___________________ research designs include elements of both longitudinal and cross-sectional research designs.

Answer 37

Sequential

Question 38

Psychophysiology measures certain physiological functions to study reactions and behaviour, it is a _____________ method of observing behaviour, however it may be very _______________.

Answer 38

objective, time-consuming

Question 39

The aim of a _____________ design is to establish a causal relationship between two variables, namely the independent and the dependent variable.

Answer 39

experimental

Question 40

___________ ___________ is a procedure used in experiments to assign participants to different groups in an experiment.

Answer 40

Random assignment

Question 41

____________ is a research method that involves pairing similar units to create a group, it is intended to make these groups comparable with each other.

Answer 41

Matching

Question 42

The ______________ definition of an independent and dependent variable is the theoretical variables of interest stated in a hypothesis.

Answer 42

conceptual

Question 43

The ______________ definition of an independent and dependent variable is essentially defining the variables in a concrete and measurable way by translating conceptual variables into how you will realise the variables in experiments.

Answer 43

operational

Question 44

Some limitations of experiments are: 1. _____________ ____________: where there may be concerns regarding the ethics of an experiment 2. ________________ IVs: e.g. race, gender, age 3. ________ & _____________: certain experiments may require a large quantity of these two

Answer 44

Ethical reasons, Unmanipulable IVs, Time & resources

Question 45

The goal of correlational research design is to assess the ____________ and ____________ of the relationship between the variables stated in the hypothesis.

Answer 45

direction and strength