06_ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
Top of the body?
A
Superior
2
Q
Lower end of body?
A
Caudal
3
Q
Laying face down?
A
prone
4
Q
The human body is broken down into what 7 levels of organization?
COC-TOS-O
A
- Chemical (more than 100 diff. atoms)
- Organelle (allows the cell to live)
- Cellular
- Tissue (fabric of the body)
- Organ
- System (11 major ISM-NEC-LR-DUR)
- Organism Levels (can survive hostile environments)
5
Q
11 major systems in human?
ISM-NEC-LR-DUR
A
Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Circulatory Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive
6
Q
Smallest and most numerous structural unit that possesses and exhibits the basic characteristics of living matter?
A
Cell
7
Q
A typical cell is made up of what 3 parts?
A
Plasma Membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
8
Q
Plasma membrane exchanges materials through the cell by what process?
A
Diffusion
9
Q
Controls chemical reactions occurring in the cell?
A
Nucleus
10
Q
Substance contained in the nucleus?
A
Nucleoplasm
11
Q
Every human cell contains ____ chromosomes and _______ of genes to determine cell’s function
A
46, thousands
12
Q
Gel-like substance surrounding nucleus, responsible for vital functions
A
Cytoplasm
13
Q
Unicellular organism?
A
Amoeba
14
Q
Lining tissue of the body?
A
Epithelium
15
Q
Epithelial classification?
SINGLE vs MULTI LAYERED
A
“Simple vs Stratified”
16
Q
3 Classifications of epithelial tissues?
A
Columnar: Elongated
Squamous: Main protective tissue
Cuboidal: Found in specialized organs
17
Q
Columnar epithelial cells chief function in the digestive system?
A
Secretion of digestive fluids and absorption of nutrients
18
Q
Squamous tissue may be found where?
A
Eardrum
19
Q
In the kidneys, cuboidal tissue functions how?
A
Secretion & absorption of fluids
20
Q
Most widespread tissue of the body?
A
Connective
21
Q
Connective tissue is composed of?
A
Extracellular materials (fibers and ground substance)
22
Q
Three predominant types of connective tissue?
A
Areolar
Adipose
Osseous
23
Q
Chief function is is bind parts of the body together. Gives tensile strength and elasticity.
A
Areolar Connective Tissue
24
Q
Adipose (fatty) tissue first appears as what shape?
A
Star
25
Tissue that forms tendons, ligaments, cartilage and bones?
Osseous Connective Tissue
26
3 types of muscular tissue?
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
27
Muscle cells that are striated and are joined end to end, resulting in a complex network of interlocking cells?
Cardiac
28
Basic cell of nerve tissue?
Neuron
29
Outer layer of skin?
Epidermis
30
Known as "true skin"
Dermis
31
The skin contains what two types of nerve fibers?
Motor
| Sensory
32
Appendages of the skin?
```
Nails
Hair
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
Ceruminous glands
```
33
What small muscle causes goose bumps?
Arrector
34
Sebaceous glands are not found in?
Soles of feet and palms of hand
35
How much sweat is excreted daily?
1 Liter
36
The skeleton consists of how many bones?
206
37
Study of the structure of bone?
Osteology
38
Bone is made up of what?
MINERAL SALTS (calcium & phosphorus)
OSSEIN (organic)
39
Hard outer shell of bone?
COMPACT BONE
40
Inner spongy portion of bone?
Cancellous tissue
41
Center of bone?
Medullary Canal (contains marrow)
42
Smooth glossy tissue that forms joint surfaces?
Articular cartilage
43
Thin outer membrane surrounding the bone?
Periosteum
44
Known as the pain center of the bone?
Periosteum
45
Shaft of the bone?
Diaphysis
46
Ends of bone?
Epiphyses
47
4 BONE CLASSIFICATIONS?
* LONG (femur, humerus)
* SHORT (wrist ankle)
* FLAT (skull, sternum, scapula)
* IRREGULAR (vertebrae, mandible, pelvic)
48
Axial skeleton consists of?
skull, the vertebral column, thorax
49
Skull consists of how many bones?
28
50
8 major bones in cranium?
```
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
```
51
The facial skeleton consists of how many stationary bones?
14
52
Bones responsible for prominence of cheeks?
Zygomatic
53
Bones on side of skull "fan shaped"
Temporal bones
54
Opening in which nerve fibers from brain pass and enter into spinal cord?
Foramen Magnum
55
Nerves responsible for sense of smell pass through small openings of what bone?
Ethmoid
56
Bone that forms the floor and side of orbits?
Sphenoid
57
L shaped bone that forms the floor of nasal cavity
Palatine
58
Knuckle shaped head of mandible?
Condyloid process
59
Forms the septum
Vomer & Ethmoid bones
60
Helps lift mandible to close mouth?
Coronoid process
61
Supports the teeth of the mandibular arch?
Alveolar process
62
AKA chin
Mental protuberance
63
Anesthetic for dental procedures is typically injected where?
Mandibular foramen
64
Bones of ear?
MALLEUS: hammer
INCUS: anvil
STAPES: stirrup
65
The vertebral column consists of how many true vertebrae?
24
66
5 regions of spine?
```
CERVICAL
THORACIC
LUMBAR
SACRAL
COCCYGEAL
```
67
C-1 & C-2
Atlas
| Axis
68
There are how many vertebrae in the thoracic region.
12
69
There are how many lumbar vertebrae?
5
70
The 5 lumbar vertebrae fuse together between what age?
18-30
71
The first 7 ribs are attached to what flat irregular bone?
Sternal manubrium
72
First 7 ribs?
Last 5 ribs?
True, False
73
Last 2 rib pairs are known as?
Floating ribs
74
Located at the inferior aspect of the sternum?
XIPHOID PROCESS
75
Clavical shaped like what letter?
S
76
The pectoral girdle is composed of what?
2 Scapulae and 2 clavicles
77
The scapula is between what ribs?
2-7
78
Head of humerus a.k.a.
Glenoid Fossa
79
Distal prominence of humerus?
Epicondyle
80
The radius crosses over the ulna when the hand is in what position?
Pronated (palm down)
81
How many carpal bones form the wrist?
8 bones, 2 rows
82
Each finger has how many phalanges?
3 (except thumb which has 2)
83
Hip bone consists of what 3 parts?
Ilium, Ischium, Pubis
84
Head of femur fits into what cuplike structure?
Acetabulum
85
Number of metatarsals (foot bones) in body?
10
86
Number of toe bones in body?
28
87
Outer prominence of the hip bone?
Ilium (crest of illium = illiac crest)
88
Area where the 2 pubic bones meet?
Symphysis Pubis
89
Longest bone in the body?
Femur
90
Bones that develop within a tendon are known as?
Sesamoid bones
91
Shin bone?
Tibia
92
Name for ankle?
Tarsus
93
Seven tarsal bones that form the ankle?
```
Medial Cuneiform
Intermediate Cuneiform
Lateral Cuneiform
Cuboid
Navicular
Talus
Calcaneus (strongest)
```
94
The foot has how many metatarsal bones?
5
95
Joints are classified how?
by the amount of movement they permit
96
Bones of the skull are an example of what type of joint?
Synarthroses (immoveable)
97
Vertebrae are an example of what type of joint?
Amphiarthroses (slightly moveable)
98
Six types of moveable joints?
```
Ball-in-socket
Condyloid
Gliding
Hinge
Pivot
Saddle
```
99
Sprain
Torn Ligaments
100
4 joint movements?
Gliding
Angular
Rotation
Circumduction
101
Types of angular motion?
```
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Circumduction
--------------------
OTHER TYPES:
Supination
Pronation
Inversion
Eversion
```
102
TMJ consists of 3 bony parts?
Glenoid fossa
Articular eminence
Condyle
103
Tendons attach?
Muscle to Bone
104
Three-fold function of muscle?
Providing movement
Posture
Heat
105
A contracting muscle is referred to as?
Prime Mover
106
A relaxing muscle is known as an?
Antagonist
107
A muscles response to stimulus?
Excitability or irritability
108
Chemical action of muscle fibers consists of what two stages?
Contraction (actin & myosin)
| Recovery
109
Chemical waste produced by muscle contraction?
Carbon dioxide
Lactic acid
Phosphate
110
Types of muscle contraction?
Isometric
| Isotonic
111
Rigor mortis sets in what time frame?
10 minutes to several hours
112
3 types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
113
Muscles are attached in what two places?
ORIGIN: Immovable
INSERTION: Moveable
114
How many pairs of muscle make chewing movements possible?
4
* ** 3 pairs elevate the mandible ***
* ** 1 pair depresses mandible ***
115
Muscle that prevents food from escaping the chewing action of the teeth?
Buccinator
116
Anchors the tongue in the midline to the floor of the mouth.
Lingual Frenulum
117
Provides the tongue with friction in handling food and acts as taste buds?
Papillae
118
4 types of taste sensations are?
Sweet
Sour
Bitter
Salty
119
Muscles that form the floor of mouth?
Mylohyoid
120
The health of this structure in the mouth affects the health of the entire body?
Teeth
121
3 Functions of saliva?
Keep mouth lining moist
Bond food to assist in swallowing
Cleaning agent
122
Amount of saliva produced daily?
2-3 pints
123
3 major salivary glands?
Sublingual
Submandibular
Parotid (inside cheek @ maxillary 2nd molar)
124
Swallowing
Deglutition
125
3 phases of deglutition?
1) mastication/swallowing
2) food through pharynx into esophagus
3) food passing into stomach
126
Muscles that rotate the head left/right when used individually, up/down when used together.
Sternocleidomastoid
127
Muscles that cover approx 1/3 of back and raise/lower shoulders?
Trapezius
128
Insertion point of Pectoralis Major?
Tubercle of the humerus
129
The SITE OF CHOICE for intramuscular injections?
Gluteus maximus
130
How many muscles make up the quadriceps?
Adductor longus
131
Biceps Femoris?
Hamstring
132
*** Longest muscle in the body?
Sartorius
133
Calf muscles?
Gastrocnemius & Soleus
134
Floor of the thoracic cavity and ceiling of abdominal cavity?
It has how many opening for the passage of blood vessels?
Diaphragm, 3
135
Average adult has how many liters of blood?
5-6
136
Plasma is what % of whole blood (plasma & cells)
55
137
Plasma is a clear, slightly alkaline, straw colored liquid consisting of
____ % water?
Approx 92%
138
Protein that contributes to coagulation?
Fibrinogen
139
Blood cells suspended in plasma constitute __% of whole blood?
45
140
When blood components are separated, the WBCs and platelets form a thin layer called?
buffy coat
141
Small, biconcave, non-nucleated disks formed in the read bone marrow?
RBCs (Erythrocytes)
142
Blood of an average man contains how many red cells per cubic millimeter?
5 million
143
May cause an increase in RBCs?
Emotional stress
Strenuous exercise
High altitudes
144
Key of RBCs ability to carry oxygen & carbon dioxide?
Hemoglobin
145
Main function of erythrocytes?
Transport respiratory gases
146
Dark red (venous) blood is the result of?
hemoglobin combining with carbon dioxide
147
Proximal
Nearest to the point of origin
