6: Circulation and Respiration

Question 1

invertebrates w open circulatory systems do not have true blood/_____

Answer 1

hemolymph

Question 2

transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes

Answer 2

erythrocytes (RBCs)

Question 3

-protein for Oxygen & CO2 transport
- contains iron (red)
- each molecule can bind __ oxygen molecules

Answer 3

hemoglobin; 4

Question 4

____ shape of blood cells exclusive to mammals

Answer 4

biconcave

Question 5

mammal RBCs lack ____ and most organelles

Answer 5

nuclei

Question 6

other vertebrates have this

Answer 6

nucleated ellipsoidal RBCs

Question 7

why biconcave shape?

Answer 7

more surface for gas diffusion

Question 8

scavengers and defensive cells

Answer 8

leukocytes (WBCs)

Question 9

2 types of leukocytes

Answer 9

granulocytes
arganulocytes

Question 10

• cell fragments in mammals, nucleated cells in other vertebrates
• function in blood coagulation

Answer 10

platelets

Question 11

prevention of rapid body fluid loss after an injury

Answer 11

hemostasis

Question 12

hemostasis in vertebrates

Answer 12

smooth muscle around the vessel contracts

Question 13

chemical reaction between coagulation factors to form a clot

Answer 13

blood coagulation

Question 14

“disease of kings”
- genetic disorder characterized by failure of blood to clot
- sex linked (allele in X)

Answer 14

hemophilia

Question 15

fish utilize a _____ _____ circulation

Answer 15

single curcuitq

Question 16

tetrapods utilize ____ circulation

Answer 16

double

Question 17

in double circulation: oxygenated blood is sent to rest of body and back

Answer 17

systemic circuit

Question 18

in double circulation: deoxygenated blood is sent to lungs and back

Answer 18

pulmonary circuit

Question 19

prevent backflow of blood

Answer 19

valve

Question 20

left atrioventricular valve

Answer 20

bicuspid

Question 21

right atrioventricular valve

Answer 21

tricuspid

Question 22

valve in aorta and pulmonary trunk

Answer 22

semilunar valve

Question 23

heart contraction

Answer 23

systole

Question 24

heart relaxation

Answer 24

diastole

Question 25

- circulation that supplied the heart w oxygen - coronary arteries are first to branch out of the aorta

Answer 25

coronary circulation

Question 26

all blood vessels leaving the heart

Answer 26

arteries

Question 27

arteries ___ to heart are more elastic and have little smooth muscle

Answer 27

closer

Question 28

arteries ____ from the heart have more smooth muscles and are less elastic

Answer 28

farther

Question 29

smaller, narrower branches of arteries

Answer 29

arterioles

Question 30

- extremely narrow blood vessels - walls made up of single layer of endothelial cells - permeable to small ions, nutrients, water

Answer 30

capillaries

Question 31

smaller branches of veins

Answer 31

venules

Question 32

- vessels that carry blood from the capillaries back to heart - blood pressure lower than arteries

Answer 32

veins

Question 33

oxidative processes within cells

Answer 33

cellular respiration

Question 34

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and its environment across a respiratory surface

Answer 34

external respiration

Question 35

____ has higher oxygen conc and is less dense & less viscous

Answer 35

air

Question 36

_____ animals use more energy to respire than terrestrial animals

Answer 36

aquatic

Question 37

in direct diffusion, organisms use ____ respiration for gas exchange

Answer 37

cutaneous

Question 38

- cutaneous respiration - limited by body size - often supplements gills or lung breathing in fish and amphibians

Answer 38

direct diffusion

Question 39

- branching systems of tubes that provide oxygen directly to tissues - seen in insects and certain other terrestrial arthropods

Answer 39

tracheal systems

Question 40

- may be external or internal - blood vessels arranged so that blood flow is counter to water flow

Answer 40

gills

Question 41

vascularized internal cavity found in vertebrates

Answer 41

lungs

Question 42

system serves as a reservoir for air during ventilation

Answer 42

air sac

Question 43

- air sacs in mammal lungs - endothelial walls thin/moist to facilitate gas exchange between air and capillaries

Answer 43

alveoli

Question 44

- muscular partition between chest cavity and abdomen - aids in generating negative pressure to pull air into lungs - only in mammals

Answer 44

diaphragm