1: INTRODUCTION TO ORAL MICROBIOLOGY Flashcards by Secret acc

______ is the community of microorganisms that grows on an interface between two phases of matter, for example, on a ______ and ______ or ______ (Valm, 2019), embedded in a matrix of polymers of host and bacterial origin.

Dental plaque, tooth surface, liquid saliva, GCF (gingival crevicular fluid)

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Physiologic Properties of Dental Plaque

The transition of ______ to ______ microorganism is observed as a part of structural development.

gram positive, gram negative

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Physiologic Properties of Dental Plaque

The early colonizers use ______ and lower the ______ to the environment, which then favour the growth of ______ species. Gram positive species use ______ as an energy source and ______ as carbon source.

oxygen, redox potential, anaerobic, sugar, saliva

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Physiologic Properties of Dental Plaque

The bacteria that predominate in mature plaque are ______ in nature and ______ and use ______ and ______ as an energy source.

anaerobic, asaccharolytic, amino acids, small peptides

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Plaque as a Biofilm

Plaque is ______ and contributes (like the resident ______ of all other sites in the body) to the normal development of the ______ and ______ of the host (Marsh, 2006).

natural, microfiora, physiology, defenses

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Plaque as a Biofilm

______ are less resistant to antimicrobial agents while ______ can exhibit increased pathogenicity (______) that is relevant to clinical practice.

Biofilms, microbial communities, pathogenic synergism

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Plaque as a Biofilm

The structure of the plaque biofilm might restrict the ______ of antimicrobial agents, while bacteria growing on a surface grow ______ and display a ______, one consequence of which is a ______ to ______.

penetration, slowly, novel phenotype, reduced sensitivity, inhibitors

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Plaque as a Biofilm

Bacteria growing in ______ adherent to a su do not behave the same as bacteria growing ______ in a ______ environment (______ or ______) as shown by few properties of the biofilm like ______.

microbial communities, suspended, liquid, planktonic, unattached state, antibiotic resistance

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Plaque as a Biofilm

The ______ acts as a barrier. Substances produced by the bacteria within the biofilm are ______ and essentially ______, which fosters ______ among the different bacteria.

biofilm matrix, retained, concentrated, metabolic interactions

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COMPOSITION

PLAQUE:

SOLIDS
WATER

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COMPOSITION

PLAQUE:
SOLIDS
(______-______%)

20, 30

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COMPOSITION

PLAQUE:
WATER
(______-______%)

70, 80

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COMPOSITION

PLAQUE SOLIDS:

MICROORGANISMS
INTERCELLULAR MATRIX

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COMPOSITION

PLAQUE SOLIDS:
MICROORGANISMS (______%)

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COMPOSITION

PLAQUE SOLIDS:
INTERCELLULAR MATRIX (______-______%)

20, 30

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COMPOSITION

PLAQUE SOLIDS
MICROORGANISMS:

Bacterial
Non-bacterial

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COMPOSITION

PLAQUE SOLIDS
INTERCELLULAR MATRIX:

Organic material
Inorganic materials

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COMPOSITION

BACTERIAL PORTION
______-______% of total solid plaque volume.

70, 80

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COMPOSITION

BACTERIAL PORTION
1 gm of plaque contains approximately ______ bacteria.

2 x 10^11

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COMPOSITION

BACTERIAL PORTION
Gram Positive Facultative:

Strep.mutans
Strep.sanguis
A.viscosus

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COMPOSITION

BACTERIAL PORTION
Gram Negative Facultative:

A.actinomycetemcomitans
Capnocytophypa sp.
Ekinella corrodens

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COMPOSITION

BACTERIAL PORTION
Gram Negative Anaerobic:

P.gingivalis
F.nucleatum
P.intermedia
B.forsythus
C.rectus

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COMPOSITION

BACTERIAL PORTION
Spirochetes Anaerobic:

T.denticola

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COMPOSITION

Nutrient Sources for Bacteria:

Endogenous Nutrients
Exogenous Nutrients

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COMPOSITION Nutrient Sources for Bacteria Endogenous Nutrients • Found in ______ • Found in ______

saliva, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF)

COMPOSITION Nutrient Sources for Bacteria Exogenous Nutrients • From the ______, especially ______

diet, sugars

COMPOSITION Nutrient Sources for Bacteria Endogenous Nutrients • Found in saliva:

Proteins Glycoproteins Peptides

COMPOSITION Nutrient Sources for Bacteria Endogenous Nutrients • Found in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF): ______-like fluid bathing the ______ of the tooth.

Serum, root

COMPOSITION Nutrient Sources for Bacteria Endogenous Nutrients • Found in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) contains:

Host defense factors Bacterial nutrients

COMPOSITION Nutrient Sources for Bacteria Endogenous Nutrients • Found in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) contains: Host defense factors (e.g., ______, ______)

IgG, neutrophils

COMPOSITION Nutrient Sources for Bacteria Endogenous Nutrients • Found in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) contains: Bacterial nutrients (______, ______)

peptides, glycoproteins

COMPOSITION Nutrient Sources for Bacteria Endogenous Nutrients • Found in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF): Increased during ______, providing more nutrients for ______, especially in ______.

inflammation, growth, periodontal disease

COMPOSITION Nutrient Sources for Bacteria Exogenous Nutrients • From the diet, especially sugars like:

Sucrose Glucose Fructose

COMPOSITION Nutrient Sources for Bacteria Exogenous Nutrients • From the diet, especially sugars like: ______ (main substrate for plaque formation)

Sucrose

COMPOSITION NON-BACTERIAL PORTION:

VIRUSES YEAST PROTOZOA MYCOPLASMA

COMPOSITION ______ • Accounts for 20-30% of the plaque mass.

INTERCELLULAR MATRIX

COMPOSITION INTERCELLULAR MATRIX • ______ and ______ material.

Organic, inorganic

COMPOSITION INTERCELLULAR MATRIX • Derived from: ______, ______ and ______ products.

Saliva, Gingival crevicular fluid, bacterial

COMPOSITION INTERCELLULAR MATRIX ORGANIC CONTENT:

CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS LIPIDS

COMPOSITION INTERCELLULAR MATRIX ORGANIC CONTENT: CARBOHYDRATES (______%) PROTEINS (______%) LIPIDS (______%)

30, 30, 15

COMPOSITION INTERCELLULAR MATRIX INORGANIC CONTENT:

CALCIUM PHOSPHORUS OTHER MINERALS: sodium, potassium, fluoride

COMPOSITION Variability Across the Mouth Plaque composition varies by ______ on tooth surface.

location

COMPOSITION Variability Across the Mouth Plaque composition varies by location on tooth surface:

Smooth surfaces Pits and fissures Gingival margins Subgingival areas

COMPOSITION Variability Across the Mouth Influenced by:

Local environment Host immune response Presence of inflammation

COMPOSITION Variability Across the Mouth Influenced by: • Local environment (______, ______, ______)

oxygen, nutrients, pH

COMPOSITION Variability Across the Mouth Influenced by: • Presence of inflammation (e.g., ______)

periodontitis

DISTRIBUTION of Pathogenic Bacterial Plaque The distribution of pathogenic bacterial plaque on the teeth follows specific patterns based on the ______, ______, ______, and ______ practices.

structure of the mouth, tooth surfaces, saliva flow, oral hygiene

DISTRIBUTION of Pathogenic Bacterial Plaque Bacterial plaque accumulates on the surface of the ______ and ______. It typically starts forming on areas that are difficult to ______ or where ______ tends to accumulate.

teeth, gums, clean, food debris

DISTRIBUTION of Pathogenic Bacterial Plaque:

• Along the gingival margin (gum line) • Interproximal areas (between the teeth) • Pits and fissures of molars • Around dental appliances or restorations • On the tongue-facing (lingual) and cheek-facing (buccal) surfaces

DISTRIBUTION of Pathogenic Bacterial Plaque: ______ • This is the most common site for plaque accumulation. Bacteria collect at the junction between the teeth and the gums, leading to ______ or ______ if not removed.

Along the gingival margin (gum line), gingivitis, periodontitis

DISTRIBUTION of Pathogenic Bacterial Plaque: ______ • These spaces are often missed during regular brushing and are ideal spots for plaque to hide and grow, especially in people who don’t ______ regularly.

Interproximal areas (between the teeth), floss

DISTRIBUTION of Pathogenic Bacterial Plaque: ______ • The deep ______ on the chewing surfaces of the back teeth trap food and bacteria, making them prime sites for plaque accumulation and tooth decay.

Pits and fissures of molars, grooves

DISTRIBUTION of Pathogenic Bacterial Plaque: ______ • Areas around braces, crowns, and bridges can harbor plaque because they create ______ surfaces that are harder to clean.

Around dental appliances or restorations, irregular

DISTRIBUTION of Pathogenic Bacterial Plaque: ______ • Though less common than the gum line or between teeth, plaque can still form here, particularly if oral hygiene is poor.

On the tongue-facing (lingual) and cheek-facing (buccal) surfaces

DISTRIBUTION of Pathogenic Bacterial Plaque Factors like ______, ______, and the presence of ______ or ______ can also influence where plaque builds up most. Effective daily oral hygiene such as brushing, flossing, and regular dental check-ups are essential to control plaque accumulation and prevent oral disease.

saliva composition, diet, orthodontic appliances, restorations

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL Phase ______: The formation of pellicle on the tooth surface

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL Phase ______: Initial adhesion and attachment of bacteria

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL Phase ______: Colonization and plaque maturation

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL:

Phase 01 The formation of pellicle on the tooth surface Phase 02 Initial adhesion and attachment of bacteria, and Phase 03 Colonization and plaque maturation

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL PHASE 01 The formation of pellicle on the tooth surface • All the surfaces inside your mouth, including your teeth, are covered by a thin layer called a ______.

pellicle

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL PHASE 01 The formation of pellicle on the tooth surface • Even right after you polish your teeth really well, this layer forms again within just a few ______.

nanoseconds

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL PHASE 01 The formation of pellicle on the tooth surface • It comes from your ______, so it’s called the ______ and it covers the tooth surface.

saliva, acquired pellicle

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL PHASE 01 The formation of pellicle on the tooth surface COMPONENTS OF A PELLICLE:

• Glycoproteins (mucins) • Proline rich proteins • Phosphoproteins • Histidine rich proteins • Enzymes (amylase) • And other molecules that can function as adhesion sites for bacteria

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL PHASE 01 The formation of pellicle on the tooth surface • The type of protein in the pellicle depends on the ______ it's on (Absolom et al)

surface

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL PHASE 01 The formation of pellicle on the tooth surface • Found that bacteria can sometimes come off the surface if the pellicle layer itself ______ (Busscher et al)

breaks apart

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL PHASE 02 Initial adhesion and attachment of bacteria Three parts:

I. TRANSPORT TO THE SURFACE II. INITIAL ADHESION III. ATTACHMENT

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL PHASE 02 Initial adhesion and attachment of bacteria Three parts: ______ • Bacteria move around randomly in your mouth (like floating in water).

I. TRANSPORT TO THE SURFACE

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL PHASE 02 Initial adhesion and attachment of bacteria Three parts: ______ • At this stage, the bacteria are not firmly attached yet

II. INITIAL ADHESION

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL PHASE 02 Initial adhesion and attachment of bacteria I. TRANSPORT TO THE SURFACE • They can get to the tooth surface by:

a. Brownian motion b. Sedimentation of microorganisms c. Flow of saliva d. Active microbial movement

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL PHASE 02 Initial adhesion and attachment of bacteria I. TRANSPORT TO THE SURFACE • They can get to the tooth surface by: ______ (tiny random movements with avg displacement 40µm/hour)

Brownian motion

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL PHASE 02 Initial adhesion and attachment of bacteria I. TRANSPORT TO THE SURFACE • They can get to the tooth surface by: ______ (they slowly settle down)

Sedimentation of microorganisms

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL PHASE 02 Initial adhesion and attachment of bacteria I. TRANSPORT TO THE SURFACE • They can get to the tooth surface by: ______ (their own movement)

Active microbial movement

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL PHASE 02 Initial adhesion and attachment of bacteria II. INITIAL ADHESION • Forces like ______ and ______ act on them with about ______ nanometers away.

van der Waals attraction, electrostatic repulsion, 50

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL PHASE 02 Initial adhesion and attachment of bacteria II. INITIAL ADHESION • This attachment is ______ because they can still detach.

reversible

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL PHASE 02 Initial adhesion and attachment of bacteria Three parts: ______ • Now the bacteria stick firmly by forming stronger, specific bonds with the pellicle. This stage is ______.

III. ATTACHMENT, irreversible

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL PHASE 02 Initial adhesion and attachment of bacteria III. ATTACHMENT • These bonds happen through specific ______ on the bacteria and ______ on the pellicle.

proteins, matching receptors

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL PHASE 02 Initial adhesion and attachment of bacteria III. ATTACHMENT • ______ surfaces help bacteria stick better because they’re protected from being washed away.

Rough

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL PHASE 02 Initial adhesion and attachment of bacteria III. ATTACHMENT • Some bacteria (like ______ and ______) stick only to certain spots, making this process ______.

Streptococcus, Actinomyces, species-specific

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL PHASE 02 Initial adhesion and attachment of bacteria III. ATTACHMENT • Bacteria may also attach to hidden or folded parts of proteins called ______ (hidden places)

cryptitopes

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL PHASE 03 Colonization and plaque maturation After bacteria attach, they start ______ and forming ______.

multiplying, dental plaque

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL PHASE 03 Colonization and plaque maturation At least ______ different types (______) of bacteria in the mouth can join together through a process called ______ (bacteria sticking to each other).

18, genera, coaggregation

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL PHASE 03 Colonization and plaque maturation This sticking is often helped by ______ adhesions and can be blocked by things like ______ and other ______.

lectin-like, lactose, galactosides

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL PHASE 03 Colonization and plaque maturation The first bacteria to colonize the teeth (like ______ and ______) are ______ – they can live with or without oxygen.

Streptococcus, Actinomyces, facultative anaerobes

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL PHASE 03 Colonization and plaque maturation In the first ______ hours, these bacteria grow fast, doubling in less than an hour.

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL PHASE 03 Colonization and plaque maturation These early colonizers make it easier for other bacteria (______) to join.

secondary colonizers

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL PHASE 03 Colonization and plaque maturation Bacteria can form cool shapes:

Corncob formations Test-tube brush shapes

FORMATION at the ULTRA STRUCTURAL LEVEL PHASE 03 Colonization and plaque maturation Bacteria can form cool shapes: • ______ (round bacteria sticking to long rods)

Corncob formations

FORMATION GROWTH DYNAMICS EARLY ATTACHMENT • First ______–______ Hours

2, 8

FORMATION GROWTH DYNAMICS EARLY ATTACHMENT • Right after cleaning your teeth, ______ (especially ______) start to stick to the thin film (called the ______) on the enamel.

bacteria, Streptococcus, pellicle

FORMATION GROWTH DYNAMICS EARLY ATTACHMENT • These bacteria cover about ______–______% of the tooth surface during this time.

3, 30

FORMATION GROWTH DYNAMICS BIOFILM FORMS • After ______

1 Day

FORMATION GROWTH DYNAMICS BIOFILM FORMS • The bacteria organize into a structured ______, forming what’s now called a ______.

community, biofilm

FORMATION GROWTH DYNAMICS BIOFILM FORMS • This structure helps them ______, ______ themselves, and ______.

stick better, protect, grow faster

FORMATION GROWTH DYNAMICS RAPID GROWTH • Days ______–______

1, 3

FORMATION GROWTH DYNAMICS RAPID GROWTH • Bacteria increase from about ______–______ million per mm² to about ______ million.

2, 6, 32

FORMATION GROWTH DYNAMICS RAPID GROWTH • The plaque gets ______—reaching about ______–______ micrometers after ______ days

thicker, 20, 30, 3

FORMATION GROWTH DYNAMICS SLOWING DOWN • The bacteria take longer to ______—going from ______ per division to about ______ by day ______.

divide, 1 hour, 12 hours, 3

FORMATION GROWTH DYNAMICS SLOWING DOWN • This causes the ______ to slow down after day ______.

growth rate, 4

FORMATION GROWTH DYNAMICS:

EARLY ATTACHMENT BIOFILM FORMS RAPID GROWTH SLOWING DOWN

FORMATION GROWTH DYNAMICS ______: Starts with ______ bacteria; over time, ______ take over as oxygen runs out.

Ecologic Shift, oxygen-loving gram-positive, harmful gram-negative anaerobes

FORMATION GROWTH DYNAMICS ______: Plaque grows ______ at first, then ______ as bacterial colonies grow.

Growth Pattern, slowly, speeds up

FORMATION GROWTH DYNAMICS ______: Plaque growth slows down by ______% at night due to reduced ______ (main food source for bacteria).

Nighttime Growth, 50, saliva

PATHOGENIC BACTERIA OF PLAQUE MICROBIAL ADHERENCE How Streptococcus and Actinomycetes Stick to Dental Plaque • Dental plaque is a ______ that forms on the tooth surface.

biofilm

PATHOGENIC BACTERIA OF PLAQUE MICROBIAL ADHERENCE How Streptococcus and Actinomycetes Stick to Dental Plaque • It begins with ______ of a ______.

bacterial colonization, salivary pellicle

PATHOGENIC BACTERIA OF PLAQUE MICROBIAL ADHERENCE How Streptococcus and Actinomycetes Stick to Dental Plaque • After eating or drinking, a ______ — forms a ______, ______ film on the clean tooth surface. — This pellicle acts like a ______ for bacteria.

salivary pellicle, thin, protein-rich, landing pad

PATHOGENIC BACTERIA OF PLAQUE MICROBIAL ADHERENCE ______ • Among the first colonizers of the pellicle.

STREPTOCOCCUS (S. MUTANS)

PATHOGENIC BACTERIA OF PLAQUE MICROBIAL ADHERENCE ______ • Use special ______ (sticky surface proteins) to attach to salivary components.

STREPTOCOCCUS (S. MUTANS), adhesins

PATHOGENIC BACTERIA OF PLAQUE MICROBIAL ADHERENCE ______ • When sugar is present, they convert it into ______ like ______ via ______, making them even stickier.

STREPTOCOCCUS (S. MUTANS), extracellular polysaccharides, glucans, glucansucrase

PATHOGENIC BACTERIA OF PLAQUE MICROBIAL ADHERENCE ______ • These ______ also help trap other bacteria, contributing to plaque buildup.

STREPTOCOCCUS (S. MUTANS), glucans

PATHOGENIC BACTERIA OF PLAQUE MICROBIAL ADHERENCE ______ • Also early colonizers, especially ______.

ACTINOMYCETES, Actinomyces viscosus

PATHOGENIC BACTERIA OF PLAQUE MICROBIAL ADHERENCE ______ • Use ______ (tiny hair-like projections) to attach to the pellicle and to other bacteria. This allows them to contribute to the developing biofilm structure, reinforcing early plaque.

ACTINOMYCETES, fimbriae

Initial Attachment & Biofilm Foundation SALIVARY PELLICLE FORMATION: • Forms within ______ of cleaning the tooth.

seconds

Initial Attachment & Biofilm Foundation SALIVARY PELLICLE FORMATION: • Composed of ______, ______, and ______ from saliva.

glycoproteins, enzymes, immunoglobulins

Initial Attachment & Biofilm Foundation BACTERIAL ADHESION MECHANISMS: • Streptococcus binds via ______ (e.g., antigen I/II proteins).

adhesins

Initial Attachment & Biofilm Foundation BACTERIAL ADHESION MECHANISMS: • Actinomyces uses ______ to bind to both salivary proteins and other bacteria.

type 2 fimbriae

Initial Attachment & Biofilm Foundation EXTRACELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDE (EPS) PRODUCTION: • ______ helps bacteria adhere to the surface and to each other.

EPS

Initial Attachment & Biofilm Foundation EXTRACELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDE (EPS) PRODUCTION: • Forms the ______ of the biofilm.

scaffold

Initial Attachment & Biofilm Foundation EXTRACELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDE (EPS) PRODUCTION: • Encourages colonization by trapping ______ and creating ______.

nutrients, microenvironments

SECONDARY COLONIZERS Once ______ and ______ are established, they act as ______ for other bacteria.

Streptococcus, Actinomyces, hosts

SECONDARY COLONIZERS These secondary colonizers don’t stick to the tooth directly they attach to ______.

existing bacteria

SECONDARY COLONIZERS EXAMPLES:

Fusobacterium nucleatum Prevotella, Veillonella, Capnocytophaga

SECONDARY COLONIZERS EXAMPLES: • ______ – Acts as a bridge between early and late colonizers.

Fusobacterium nucleatum

SECONDARY COLONIZERS EXAMPLES: • ______ – Join later, increasing the complexity of the plaque.

Prevotella, Veillonella, Capnocytophaga

Interbacterial Interactions and Plaque Maturation Bacterial communities form through ______—specific interactions between different species.

coaggregation

Interbacterial Interactions and Plaque Maturation ______ and ______ mediate these connections, especially between Streptococcus and Actinomyces.

Fimbriae, adhesins

Interbacterial Interactions and Plaque Maturation EXAMPLES: • ______ binds to ______ via specific protein receptors. • This builds ______ of bacteria in the biofilm.

Actinomyces, Streptococcus sanguis, vertical layers

Interbacterial Interactions and Plaque Maturation BIOFILM MATURATION INCLUDES:

• Development of complex microenvironments (e.g., oxygen gradients). • Protection from saliva and host defenses. • Increased resistance to antimicrobials.

______ is a ______, dietary ______, and ______ disease affecting the hard tissues of the teeth. It is characterized by the demineralization of enamel and dentin, caused by ______ from ______ of carbohydrates.

Dental caries, biofilm-mediated, carbohydrate-modified, multifactorial, acid production, bacterial fermentation

DENTAL CARIES CAUSE • ______ bacteria such as ______ and ______ species.

Acidogenic, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus

DENTAL CARIES MECHANISM • The ______ produced by these bacteria dissolve the ______ components of ______ and ______.

acids, mineral, enamel, dentin

DENTAL CARIES RISK FACTORS • High ______, poor ______, low ______, and decreased ______.

sugar consumption, oral hygiene, fluoride exposure, salivary flow

DENTAL CARIES TREATMENT:

Fillings Crowns Root Canal Treatment Extraction

DENTAL CARIES TREATMENT: ______ - involve removing the decayed tooth structure and restoring the cavity with ______ or ______. ______ is typically used for front teeth due to its natural appearance, while stronger materials are preferred for posterior teeth.

Fillings, composite resin, amalgam, Composite

DENTAL CARIES TREATMENT: ______ - are placed when a large portion of the tooth is compromised. The remaining tooth is repaired and protected with a ______ or ______ crown.

Crowns, porcelain, metal

DENTAL CARIES TREATMENT: ______ - is required when decay extends to the pulp. The infected tissue is ______, the root canal is ______, and the tooth is ______, often with a crown.

Root Canal Treatment, removed, sealed, restored

DENTAL CARIES TREATMENT: ______ - is performed when the tooth is beyond restoration. A ______, ______, or ______ may be recommended to maintain function and alignment.

Extraction, bridge, implant, denture

DENTAL CARIES PREVENTION: • ______ twice daily using ______ toothpaste, preferably with an ______ toothbrush to improve plaque removal.

Brush, fluoride, electric

DENTAL CARIES PREVENTION: • ______ daily to clean between teeth, especially in individuals with frequent ______ intake.

Floss, sugar

DENTAL CARIES PREVENTION: • Use ______ rinses or gels to strengthen ______ and reduce ______.

fluoride, enamel, acid production

DENTAL CARIES PREVENTION: • Schedule regular ______ for early detection of caries and professional preventive care.

dental checkups

DENTAL CARIES CLASSIFICATIONS Dental caries can be classified according to their ______, ______, and ______.

location, progression, activity

DENTAL CARIES CLASSIFICATIONS Dental caries can be classified according to their location, progression, and activity. By Location:

• Pit and Fissure Caries (Occlusal Caries) • Smooth Surface Caries • Root Caries • Recurrent Caries

DENTAL CARIES CLASSIFICATIONS Dental caries can be classified according to their location, progression, and activity. By Location: • ______: Located in the natural grooves on the occlusal surfaces of molars and premolars.

Pit and Fissure Caries (Occlusal Caries)

DENTAL CARIES CLASSIFICATIONS Dental caries can be classified according to their location, progression, and activity. By Location: • ______: Occur on flat surfaces, including buccal, lingual, and proximal areas.

Smooth Surface Caries

DENTAL CARIES CLASSIFICATIONS Dental caries can be classified according to their location, progression, and activity. By Location: • ______: Develop on exposed root surfaces, particularly in older adults.

Root Caries

DENTAL CARIES CLASSIFICATIONS Dental caries can be classified according to their location, progression, and activity. By Location: • ______: Form adjacent to existing restorations due to microleakage or plaque

Recurrent Caries

DENTAL CARIES CLASSIFICATIONS Dental caries can be classified according to their location, progression, and activity. By Progression:

• Incipient Caries • Cavitated Caries

DENTAL CARIES CLASSIFICATIONS Dental caries can be classified according to their location, progression, and activity. By Progression: • ______: Represent early, reversible lesions confined to enamel.

Incipient Caries

DENTAL CARIES CLASSIFICATIONS Dental caries can be classified according to their location, progression, and activity. By Progression: • ______: Characterized by enamel surface breakdown and dentinal involvement.

Cavitated Caries

DENTAL CARIES CLASSIFICATIONS Dental caries can be classified according to their location, progression, and activity. By Activity:

• Active Caries • Arrested Caries

DENTAL CARIES CLASSIFICATIONS Dental caries can be classified according to their location, progression, and activity. By Activity: • ______: Progressing lesions that are typically soft and light in color.

Active Caries

DENTAL CARIES CLASSIFICATIONS Dental caries can be classified according to their location, progression, and activity. By Activity: • ______: Non-progressive lesions that are often dark, hard, and shiny.

Arrested Caries

DENTAL CARIES CLASSIFICATIONS ______ • Dental caries can begin on the biting surfaces of ______ teeth, especially in pits, fissures, and enamel defects. The enamel at the base of these areas is often ______, and plaque accumulation there is not easily removed by regular tooth brushing.

Pit and Fissure Caries (Occlusal Caries), posterior, thin

DENTAL CARIES CLASSIFICATIONS Pit and Fissure Caries (Occlusal Caries) • Location — ______ and ______ of ______ and ______ • Progression — May be ______ or ______ • Activity — Typically ______ • Prevention — Application of ______, regular ______, and use of ______ toothpaste

Pit, fissures, Molars, Premolars incipient, cavitated active sealants, brushing, fluoride

DENTAL CARIES CLASSIFICATIONS ______ • occurs where there is no pit, groove, or other fault on a tooth. It occurs in areas where bacterial plaque collects, such as between teeth, along the gumline, and in difficult-to-clean areas.

Smooth Surface Caries

DENTAL CARIES CLASSIFICATIONS Smooth Surface Caries • Location — ______ of teeth, especially in ______ where plaque tends to remain ______ • Progression — Commonly ______ • Activity — Can be ______ or ______ • Prevention — Daily ______, ______ use, and ______ control

Surfaces, proximal areas, undisturbed incipient active, arrested flossing, fluoride, dietary sugar

DENTAL CARIES CLASSIFICATIONS ______ • are a soft, progressive lesion that is found anywhere on the root surface that has lost its ______ attachment and is exposed to the environment.

Root Caries, connective tissue

DENTAL CARIES CLASSIFICATIONS Root Caries • Location — ______ surface; Occurs ______ or ______ to the ______ • Progression — Typically ______ • Activity — Usually ______ • Prevention — Gentle ______, ______ rinses, and management of ______

Root, at, apical, CEJ cavitated active brushing, fluoride, dry mouth

DENTAL CARIES CLASSIFICATIONS ______ • are a specific type of caries located in the area between the teeth, often affecting more than one tooth at a time and are usually more dangerous than caries that appear in other dental areas.

Interdental or Interproximal Caries

DENTAL CARIES CLASSIFICATIONS Interdental or Interproximal Caries • Location — ______ between teeth • Progression — Often begins as ______ and may become ______ if ______ • Activity — Can be ______ or ______ • Prevention — Daily ______, ______ toothpaste, and regular ______ for early detection

Proximal surfaces incipient, cavitated, undetected active, arrested flossing, fluoride, dental checkups

DENTAL CARIES CLASSIFICATIONS ______ • is a condition where new cavities form around or beneath existing restorations like fillings, crowns, or bridges. It occurs when the margins do not seal perfectly, allowing bacteria, acids, and food particles to enter and demineralize the tooth.

Recurrent Caries

DENTAL CARIES CLASSIFICATIONS Recurrent Caries • Location — ______ areas around ______ • Progression — Usually ______ • Activity — Often ______ • Prevention — High-quality ______, regular ______, and effective ______

Marginal, restorations cavitated active restorations, follow-up, oral hygiene

DENTAL CARIES CLASSIFICATIONS ______ • is tooth decay in children six and under, often caused by frequent exposure to sugary drinks. It commonly affects ______ teeth due to low ______. Early detection, fluoride, and better hygiene can prevent progression

Early Childhood Caries (ECC), upper front, saliva flow

DENTAL CARIES CLASSIFICATIONS Early Childhood Caries (ECC) • Location — Typically on ______ surfaces, often affects ______ • Progression — Often ______ • Activity — Highly ______ • Prevention — Avoid ______ with ______ liquids, ensure early ______ visits, and supervise children’s ______

smooth, maxillary incisors rampant active bottle feeding, sugary, dental, brushing

DENTAL CARIES CLASSIFICATIONS ______ • also known as “baby bottle tooth decay” or “early childhood caries,” is a severe, rapidly progressing condition marked by widespread decay of several teeth in a short time, especially in young children. It may also affect adults with compromised immunity or underlying health issues.

Rampant Caries

DENTAL CARIES CLASSIFICATIONS Rampant Caries • Location — ______ surfaces, ______ and ______ areas, and ______ surfaces • Progression — ______ • Activity — Typically ______ • Prevention — Improvement in ______, enhanced ______ practices, and application of ______ therapy

Interproximal, pit, fissure, root Cavitated active diet, hygiene, fluoride

1: INTRODUCTION TO ORAL MICROBIOLOGY Flashcards

(166 cards)