6: The Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases Flashcards by Secret acc

______, as a scientific discipline, originated in response to major epidemic diseases that historically affected populations on a large scale. It was developed to understand and control diseases like ______, ______, ______, and ______.

These outbreaks challenged early public health systems and led to the creation of foundational strategies to prevent and manage ______.

Epidemiology, cholera, typhoid fever, smallpox, yellow fever, epidemics

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In more recent times, the emergence of new infectious diseases has highlighted the continued and growing relevance of ______ in preventing global health catastrophes.

epidemiology

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In more recent times, the emergence of new infectious diseases has highlighted the continued and growing relevance of epidemiology in preventing global health catastrophes.

These include:

• Ebola Virus Disease
• HIV/AIDS
• Cryptosporidiosis
• Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli
• Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
• Avian Influenza

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Today, the scope of epidemiology goes far beyond infectious diseases.

It now includes the study of:

• Genetic disorders
• Metabolic dysfunctions
• Malnutrition
• Cancers or neoplasms
• Mental health disorders
• Aging

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Epidemiology
• Comes from the Greek words ______ (upon), ______ (people or population), and ______ (study).

epi, demos, logy

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______
• It is the science that examines the occurrence, determinants, distribution, and control of health and disease within a defined human population.

Epidemiology

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Epidemiology
• It is a multifaceted science that:

• Investigates diseases to identify their origin,
• Evaluates diseases to assess risk, and
• Controls diseases to prevent future outbreaks.

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______
• The condition in which an organism and all of its parts functions normally and effectively.

Health

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______
• It is more than just the absence of disease; it is a state of complete physical and mental well-being.

Health

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Disease
• Derived from the French words ______ (from) and ______ (ease).

des, aise

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______
• It is defined as an impairment of the normal state of an organism or any of its components that hinders the performance of vital functions.

Disease

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Disease

Diseases can arise in response to a variety of factors, including:

• Environmental factors, such as malnutrition, industrial hazards, or climate conditions
• Specific infective agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and helminths
• Inherent bodily defects, such as genetic or immunologic anomalies
• Or combinations of these causes

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An individual who practices epidemiology is known as an ______.

epidemiologist

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Epidemiologists are often referred to as ______.

disease detectives

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______
• Their primary focus is on identifying the factors that contribute to the occurrence of diseases and developing methods to prevent them.

Epidemiologists

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In the United States, the ______, headquartered in ______, is the national agency responsible for disease prevention, control, environmental health, and health promotion and education.

Globally, the ______, located in ______, serves as the international counterpart in these efforts.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA

World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland

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Historical Highlights

______ - The First Epidemiologist

John Snow

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______
• British physician who studied cholera between 1849-1854 during multiple outbreaks in London.

John Snow

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John Snow
• Early experience with cholera among coal miners led him to believe it spread through ______ and ______, not “______.”

unwashed hands, shared food, bad air

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______
• Snow suspected that water, not just contact or food, was the source of infection among wealthier residents.

The 1849 Cholera Outbreak

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The 1849 Cholera Outbreak

What did Snow do?

Studied ______ from the ______ and found that victims had drunk from the ______.
Concluded that the pump was ______ with ______ containing the ______.

Once the pump handle was ______, cholera cases dropped sharply.

death records, Broad Street area, Broad Street pump, contaminated, raw sewage, disease agent, removed

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______
• London’s water came from two suppliers.

THE 1854 CHOLERA OUTBREAK

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THE 1854 CHOLERA OUTBREAK

London’s water came from two suppliers:

• Southwark and Vauxhall Company
• Lambeth Company

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THE 1854 CHOLERA OUTBREAK

London’s water came from two suppliers:

• ______ - drew water from the Thames below where Londoners dischared sewage.

Southwark and Vauxhall Company

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THE 1854 CHOLERA OUTBREAK London's water came from two suppliers: • ______ - drew water from the Thames before it reached the city.

Lambeth Company

THE 1854 CHOLERA OUTBREAK Snow interviewed patients and found most drank water from ______.

Southwark and Vauxhall

THE 1854 CHOLERA OUTBREAK Death rate was ______ lower in households using ______ water.

eightfold, Lambeth

THE 1854 CHOLERA OUTBREAK Snow's Conclusions Snow concluded that water contaminated by sewage was transmitting ______.

cholera

THE 1854 CHOLERA OUTBREAK Snow's Conclusions He proposed that the cause of the disease ______ in ______, almost recognizing that it was caused by a ______. However, ______ didn't discover the causative bacterium (______) until ______.

multiplied, water, microorganism, Robert Koch, Vibrio cholerae, 1883

THE 1854 CHOLERA OUTBREAK Snow's Legacy The ______ now stands at the site of the old Broad Street pump.

John Snow Pub

THE 1854 CHOLERA OUTBREAK Snow's Legacy Graduates of the ______ receive an emblem with a barrel of ______, served at the ______.

CDC Epidemiologic Intelligence Program, Whatney's Ale, John Snow Pub

______ is a multifacited science that investigates diseases to discover their origin, evaluates diseases to assess their risk,and controls diseases to prevent future outbreaks.

Epidemiology

3 MAIN AREAS OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC ACTIVITIES:

• Monitor public health • Respond to disease outbreaks, epidemics, & pandemics • Investigate emerging & reemerging diseases

3 MAIN AREAS OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC ACTIVITIES ______ This branch focuses on the ongoing surveillance of the health status of a population. It involves tracking key indicators to understand the patterns of health and illness.

MONITOR PUBLIC HEALTH

3 MAIN AREAS OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC ACTIVITIES MONITOR PUBLIC HEALTH:

• Morbidity rates • Mortality rates

3 MAIN AREAS OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC ACTIVITIES MONITOR PUBLIC HEALTH ______ • This refers to the measurement of how many people in a population have a particular disease or condition during a specific period. It helps us understand the prevalence and incidence of illnesses.

Morbidity rates

3 MAIN AREAS OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC ACTIVITIES MONITOR PUBLIC HEALTH ______ • This refers to the measurement of the number of deaths in a population due to a specific cause or overall, within a defined time frame. It helps assess the severity of diseases and identify leading causes of death.

Mortality rates

3 MAIN AREAS OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC ACTIVITIES ______ This branch deals with the actions taken when there is an unusual increase in disease occurrence (outbreak or epidemic) or a widespread global spread of a new disease (pandemic)

RESPOND TO DISEASE OUTBREAKS, EPIDEMICS, & PANDEMICS

3 MAIN AREAS OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC ACTIVITIES RESPOND TO DISEASE OUTBREAKS, EPIDEMICS, & PANDEMICS:

• Determine causes of outbreaks • Institute control measures

3 MAIN AREAS OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC ACTIVITIES RESPOND TO DISEASE OUTBREAKS, EPIDEMICS, & PANDEMICS ______ • When an outbreak occurs, epidemiologists investigate to identify the source of the illness, how it's spreading (______), and what factors might have contributed to it.

Determine causes of outbreaks, transmission

3 MAIN AREAS OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC ACTIVITIES RESPOND TO DISEASE OUTBREAKS, EPIDEMICS, & PANDEMICS ______ • Based on their findings about the causes, epidemiologists recommend and help implement actions to stop the outbreak and prevent further spread. These measures could include things like isolation, quarantine, vaccination, or changes in hygiene practices.

Institute control measures

3 MAIN AREAS OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC ACTIVITIES ______ his branch focuses on studying new diseases that appear in a population for the first time (emerging) or diseases that were previously declining but are now increasing again (reemerging).

INVESTIGATE EMERGING & REEMERGING DISEASES

3 MAIN AREAS OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC ACTIVITIES INVESTIGATE EMERGING & REEMERGING DISEASES:

• Determine risk factors • Recommend control measures

3 MAIN AREAS OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC ACTIVITIES INVESTIGATE EMERGING & REEMERGING DISEASES ______ • For these diseases, epidemiologists conduct research to identify the factors that make people more likely to get them. Understanding these risk factors is crucial for prevention.

Determine risk factors

3 MAIN AREAS OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC ACTIVITIES INVESTIGATE EMERGING & REEMERGING DISEASES ______ • Based on the identified risk factors and how the disease behaves, epidemiologists develop and suggest strategies to prevent and control the spread of these novel or resurgent illnesses.

Recommend control measures

Epidemiological Terminology ______ • When a disease occurs occasionally, and at irregular intervals in a human population, (e.g., ______)

SPORADIC DISEASE, bacterial meningitis

Epidemiological Terminology ______ • When it maintains a steady, low-level frequency at a moderately regular interval, (e.g., ______)

Endemic disease, the common cold

Epidemiological Terminology ______ • It is the gradually increase in occurrence frequency beyond the endemic level but not to the epidemic level (e.g., ______)

Hyperendemic diseases, the common cold during winter months

Epidemiological Terminology ______ • It is the sudden, unexpected occurrence of a disease, usually focally or in a limited segment of a population (e.g., ______)

Outbreak, Legionnaires' disease

Epidemiological Terminology ______ • It is an outbreak affecting many people at once (i.e., there is a sudden increase in the occurrence of a disease above the expected level) (e.g., ______)

Epidemic, influenza in a community

Epidemiological Terminology ______ • The first case in an epidemic

INDEX CASE

Epidemiological Terminology ______ • It is an increase in disease occurrence within a large population over a very wide region (usually the world)

PANDEMIC

Epidemiological Terminology PANDEMIC • Example: The global ______ outbreak of ______

H1N1 influenza, 1918

Graphic Representation of Epidemiological Data • The ______ collects and evaluates a number of parameters related to human health and disease.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Graphic Representation of Epidemiological Data • The data are then presented in various formats, including:

(a) Age (b) Geographic region

MEASURING FREQUENCY: THE EPIDEMIOLOGIST'S TOOLS • Epidemiologists measure ______ at single time points and over time to identify if an ______, ______, or ______ is occurring.

disease frequency, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic

MEASURING FREQUENCY: THE EPIDEMIOLOGIST'S TOOLS • They use ______ to analyze data and determine ______ and other ______.

statistics, risk factors, disease-related factors

MEASURING FREQUENCY: THE EPIDEMIOLOGIST'S TOOLS • ______ is the branch of mathematics focused on the collection, organization, and interpretation of numerical data.

Statistics

MEASURING FREQUENCY: THE EPIDEMIOLOGIST'S TOOLS • ______ was the first medical field to extensively use statistical methods.

Epidemiology

MEASURING FREQUENCY: THE EPIDEMIOLOGIST'S TOOLS • ______ are usually expressed as fractions.

Measures of frequency

MEASURING FREQUENCY: THE EPIDEMIOLOGIST'S TOOLS • Measures of frequency are usually expressed as fractions:

Numerator Denominator

MEASURING FREQUENCY: THE EPIDEMIOLOGIST'S TOOLS • Measures of frequency are usually expressed as fractions ______: Number of individuals experiencing the event (e.g., infection).

Numerator

MEASURING FREQUENCY: THE EPIDEMIOLOGIST'S TOOLS • Measures of frequency are usually expressed as fractions ______: Number of individuals at risk (population at risk).

Denominator

MEASURING FREQUENCY: THE EPIDEMIOLOGIST'S TOOLS • This fraction is commonly referred to as a ______, as it includes a ______.

rate, specified time period

MEASURING FREQUENCY: THE EPIDEMIOLOGIST'S TOOLS • A rate can also be expressed as a ______.

percentage

MEASURING FREQUENCY: THE EPIDEMIOLOGIST'S TOOLS • ______ often express rates per ______ individuals, but other scales (e.g., per 100, per 10,000, per 100,000) are used depending on the ______ or ______ of the disease.

Population statistics, 1,000, commonness, rarity

MEASURING FREQUENCY: THE EPIDEMIOLOGIST'S TOOLS • A ______ measures how many individuals become ill due to a specific disease.

morbidity rate

MEASURING FREQUENCY: THE EPIDEMIOLOGIST'S TOOLS morbidity rate • It applies to a ______ during a ______.

susceptible population, specific time interval

MEASURING FREQUENCY: THE EPIDEMIOLOGIST'S TOOLS morbidity rate • This rate is usually calculated based on ______ from the general population.

clinical reports

MEASURING FREQUENCY: THE EPIDEMIOLOGIST'S TOOLS morbidity rate • It is a type of ______, meaning it reflects the number of ______ in a given time period.

incidence rate, new cases

MEASURING FREQUENCY: THE EPIDEMIOLOGIST'S TOOLS morbidity rate formula:

morbidity rate = number of new cases of a disease during a specified period / number of individuals in the population

MEASURING FREQUENCY: THE EPIDEMIOLOGIST'S TOOLS • The ______ measures the total number of individuals infected in a population at any one time, regardless of when the disease started.

prevalence rate

MEASURING FREQUENCY: THE EPIDEMIOLOGIST'S TOOLS • Prevalence depends on both the ______ (new cases) and the ______.

incidence rate, duration of illness

MEASURING FREQUENCY: THE EPIDEMIOLOGIST'S TOOLS • The ______ shows the proportion of deaths due to a particular disease compared to the total number of cases of that disease.

mortality rate

MEASURING FREQUENCY: THE EPIDEMIOLOGIST'S TOOLS mortality rate formula:

mortality rate = number of deaths due to a given disease / size of the total population with the same disease

______, ______, and ______ rates help public health officials direct efforts to control diseases.

Morbidity, prevalence, mortality

A sudden rise in the ______ may prompt preventive measures to reduce the ______.

morbidity rate, mortality rate

6: The Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases Flashcards

(77 cards)