Control of Microorganisms Flashcards by Secret acc

Q

______ - within glass

A

In vitro

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Q

______ - within the living

A

In vivo

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Q

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth:

A

Availability of Nutrients
Moisture
Temperature
pH
Osmotic Pressure & Salinity
Barometric Pressure
Gaseous Atmosphere

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Q

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth
Availability of Nutrients

______ serve as energy sources that organisms use to sustain life

A

Nutrients

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Q

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth
Availability of Nutrients

About ______ out of ______ naturally occurring elements are essential to life

A

24, 92

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Q

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth
Moisture

Cells : ______-______% water

A

70, 95

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Q

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth
Moisture

______ - complete drying process

A

Desiccation

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Q

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth
Moisture

microbial stage that survive desiccation: ______, ______

A

bacterial endospores, protozoan cysts

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Q

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth
Temperature

______: Optimal, minimum & maximum growth temperature

A

CARDINAL TEMPERATURES

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Q

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth
Temperature

______ - organisms that love heat, above 45°C

A

Thermophiles

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Q

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth
Temperature

Examples of Thermophiles:

A

Bacillus stearothermophilus
Thermoplasma acidophilum
Thermus aquaticus

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Q

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth
Temperature

______ - above 100°C

A

Hyperthermophiles

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Q

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth
Temperature

______
- ______ (archeon found in the Pacific ocean)

A

Hyperthermophiles, Strain 121

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Q

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth
Temperature

______
- ______ (bacterium found living with highest temperature of 113 °C)

A

Hyperthermophiles, Pyrolobus fumarii

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Q

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth
Temperature

______ - Moderate temperature; best at normal body temperature (______°C)

A

Mesophiles, 37

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Q

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth
Temperature

______ - cold loving organisms, thrive in cold ocean water & high altitudes. (Example: ______)

A

Psychrophiles, pink algae

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Q

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth
Temperature

______ - refrigerator tempersture (______ °C), eg. ______

A

Psychrotrophs, 4, bread molds

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Q

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth
Temperature

______ - prefer warmer temp but can tolerate very cold temp, preserved in frozen state (eg, ______, ______, ______)

A

Psychroduric organisms, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, bacillus species

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Q

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth
pH

______ - refers to hydrogen ion concentration of a solution, thus the acidity/alkalinity of the solution

A

pH

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Q

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth
pH

Most microorganiams prefer ______ or slightly ______ medium: pH ______-______

A

neutral, alkaline, 7, 7.4

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Q

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth
pH

______ - pH 2-5, found in stomach, pickled food, hydrothermal vents, hot springs
Example: ______

A

Acidophiles, Fungi

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Q

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth
pH

______ - pH > 8.5; found in intestine, soils laden with carbonate, soda lakes

A

Alkaliphiles

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Q

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth
pH

______
- ______ - only human pathogen that grows above pH 8

A

Alkaliphiles, Vibrio cholerae

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Q

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth
Osmotic Pressure & Salinity

______ - pressure exerted on a cell membrane by solutions both inside & outside of the cell

A

Osmotic Pressure

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Factors that Affect Microbial Growth Osmotic Pressure & Salinity ______ - movement of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration of solute

Osmosis

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth Osmotic Pressure & Salinity ______ - shrinkage of cell caused by loss of water

Crenation

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth Osmotic Pressure & Salinity ______ - cell membrane & cytoplasm shrink away from the cell wall, seen in those with rigid cell wall (bacterial cell wall)

Plasmolysis

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth Osmotic Pressure & Salinity ______ - Inhibit cell growth & multiplication

Plasmolysis

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth Osmotic Pressure & Salinity ______ - adding salt & sugar to food for preservation

Plasmolysis

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth Osmotic Pressure & Salinity ______ - concentration of solutes outside the cell is less than the concentration inside the cell

Hypotonic solution

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth Osmotic Pressure & Salinity ______ - concentration of solutes outside the cell equals the concentration inside the cell

Isotonic

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth Osmotic Pressure & Salinity ______ - concentration of solutes outside the cell is greater than the concentration inside the cell

Hypertonic

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth Osmotic Pressure & Salinity ______ - microbes that prefer salty environments, Example: ______

Halophilic, V. cholerae

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth Osmotic Pressure & Salinity ______ - microbes that do not prefer to live in salty Environments but are capable of surviving, Example: ______

Haloduric organisms, Staphylococcus aureus

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth Barometric Pressure Most bacteria are not affected by minor changes in ______

barometric pressure

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth Barometric Pressure ______ - thrive deep in the ocean and in oil wells where atmospheric pressure is very high

Piezophiles

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth Gaseous Atmosphere ______ - require reduced concentrations of oxygen (______% 02)

Microaerophiles, 5

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth Gaseous Atmosphere ______ - killed by presence of oxygen

Obligate anaerobes

Factors that Affect Microbial Growth Gaseous Atmosphere ______ - require increased amount of CO2 (______-______% C02)

Capnophiles, 5, 10

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory ______ - Increase in the number of organisms rather than increase in size

Bacterial Growth

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory ______ - how bacteria multiply by splitting into 2 daughter cells, continues as long as nutrient supply, water and space allow

Binary fission

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory ______ - time it takes a particular bacterial species to undergo binary fission

Generation time

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory TYPES OF CULTURE MEDIA:

Artificial/Synthetic Media Chemically defined medium Complex Medium Liquid/Broth/Tubed Media Solid Media

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory CULTURE MEDIA ______ - complex polysaccharide obtained from a red marine algae used as a solidifying agent

Agar

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory CULTURE MEDIA ______ - broth/solid medium containing rich supply of special nutrients that promotes growth of fastidious organisms

Enriched Medium

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory CULTURE MEDIA Enriched Medium - Eg. ______, ______ (N. gonorrhea, H. Influenzae)

Blood agar, chocolate agar

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory CULTURE MEDIA ______ - has added inhibitors that discourage the growth of certain organisms without inhibiting growth of organisms being sought

Selective Medium

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory CULTURE MEDIA Selective Medium - Eg. ______ - selective for Gram negative bacteria

MacConkey Agar

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory CULTURE MEDIA Selective Medium - ______ & ______ - selective for Gram (+) bacteria

Phenylethyl alcohol (PEA) agar, Colistin-Nalidixic acid (CNA)

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory CULTURE MEDIA Selective Medium - ______ & ______ - selective for N. Gonorrhea

Thayer-Martin Agar, Martin-Lewis Agar

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory CULTURE MEDIA Selective Medium - ______ - selective for salt tolerant/haloduric bacteria

Mannitol salt agar (MSA)

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory CULTURE MEDIA ______ - permits differentiation of organisms that grow on the medium

Differential Medium

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory CULTURE MEDIA Differential Medium - ______ - freq used to differentiate among various Gram(-) bacilli that are isolated from fecal specimens

MacConkey Agar

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory CULTURE MEDIA Differential Medium ______ - Gram(-) capable of fermenting lactose

Pink colony

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory CULTURE MEDIA Differential Medium ______ - unable to ferment lactose

Colorless colony

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory CULTURE MEDIA ______ - ______ - S. Aureus turns the pink mediumi to yellow because of its ability to ferment mannitol

Differential Medium, Mannitol Salt Agar

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory CULTURE MEDIA ______ - ______ - determines the type of hemolysis that the bacterial isolate produces

Differential Medium, Blood Agar

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory CULTURE MEDIA ______ - enriched and differential

Blood agar

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory CULTURE MEDIA ______ & ______ - selective and differential

MacConkey agar, MSA

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory CULTURE MEDIA ______ & ______ - enriched and selective; they are blood agars to which selective inhibitory substances have been added

PEA, CNA

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory CULTURE MEDIA ______ & ______ agars - highly enriched and highly selective

Thayer-Martin, Martin-Lewis

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory Inoculation of Culture Media INOCULATION: ______ - adding a portion of the specimen to the medium

Liquid medium

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory Inoculation of Culture Media INOCULATION: ______ - involves use of a sterile inoculating loop to apply a portion of the specimen to the surface of the medium - "______"

Solid medium, streaking

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory _______ - practiced in the microbiology laboratory to prevent infection of individuals and contamination of the work environment, clinical specimens, and cultures

Aseptic Technique

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory Aseptic Technique - unwanted organisms are referred to as ______, and the plate is said to be ______

contaminants, contaminated

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory ______ - maintaining microorganisms under controlled conditions (temperature, humidity, and atmosphere) to promote their growth and development

Incubation

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory Incubation - most set at ______ - ______ oC

35, 37

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory 3 types of incubators:

• CO2 incubators • non-CO2 incubators • anaerobic incubators

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory ______ is used to determine the number of viable bacteria in a liquid sample, such as milk, water, ground food diluted in water, or a broth culture

Viable plate count

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory ______ for any particular species of bacterium may be determined by growing a pure culture of the organism in a ______ medium at a ______ temperature

Population growth curve, liquid, constant

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Viruses & other obligate intracellular Pathogens in the Laboratory Obligate intracellular pathogens include viruses and two groups of Gram-negalive bacteria—______ and ______. To grow such organisms in the laboratory, they must be ______ into embryonated ______, ______, or ______

rickettsias, chlamydias inoculated, chicken eggs, laboratory animals, cell cultures

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Fungi in the Laboratory Examples Examples of solid culture media used to grow fungi include ______, ______, and ______

brain-heart infusion (BHI) agar, BHI agar with blood, Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA)

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Fungi in the Laboratory Examples ______ - selective for fungi

SDA

Encouraging the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Culturing Protozoa in the Laboratory Most clinical microbiology laboratories do not culture ______ of greatest importance to culture ______, ______, and ______ in a clinical microbiology laboratory. These amebae can cause serious (often fatal) infections of the ______

protozoa, Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia, N. fowleri, central nervous system

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro ______ - method for inhibiting microbial growth

Decontamination

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro ______ - the destruction or elimination of all microbes, including cells, spores, and viruses.

Sterilization

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro ______ describes the elimination of most or all pathogens (except bacterial spores) from nonliving objects

Disinfection

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro ______ are solutions used to disinfect skin and other living tissues

Antiseptics

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro ______ is the reduction of microbial populations to levels considered safe by public health standards, such as those applied to restaurants

Sanitization

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro ______ -> ______ -> ______

SANITIZATION, DISINFECTION, STERILIZATION

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Microbicidal Agents having the suffix "-______" kill organisms, whereas agents having the suflix "-______" merely inhibit their growth and reproduction

cidal, static

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro ______ is a drug or chemical that inhibits reproduction of microorganisms, but does not necessarily kill them

Microbistatic agent

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro ______ (______) and ______ (using liquid ______) are microbistatic techniques that are used to preserve microbes for future use or study

Freeze-drying, lyophilization, rapid freezing, nitrogen

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro ______ refers to the presence of pathogens in blood or tissues

Sepsis

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro ______ means the absence of pathogens

asepsis

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro ______ is the prevention of infection

Antisepsis

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro ______, developed by ______ in ______, refers to the use of antiseptics.

Antiseptic technique, Joseph Lister, 1867

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro ______ is a type of aseptic technique. Lister used dilute ______ (______) to cleanse surgical wounds and equipment and a ______ to prevent harmful microorganisms from entering the surgical field or contaminating the patient

Antiseptic technique, carbolic acid, phenol, carbolic acid aerosol

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Physical Methods ______ - Most practical, efficient, and inexpensive method of sterilization of those inanimate objects and materials that can withstand high temperatures

HEAT

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Physical Methods HEAT ______ and ______ - determine the effectiveness of heat for sterilization

Temperature, Time

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Physical Methods HEAT ______ of any particular species of microorganism is the lowest temperature that will kill all the organisms in a standardized pure culture within a specified period

Thermal death point (TDP)

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Physical Methods HEAT ______ is the length of time necessary to sterilize a pure culture at a specified temperature

Thermal death time (TDT)

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Physical Methods HEAT ______ in a thermostatically controlled oven provides effective sterilization of metals, glassware, some powders, oils, and waxes. These items must be baked at ______ C to ______ C for 2 hours or at ______ C to ______ C for 1 hour

Dry-heat baking, 160, 165, 170, 180

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Physical Methods HEAT ______ applied in the presence of moisture, as in boiling or steaming, is faster and more effective than dry heat, and can be accomplished at a lower temperature, thus, it is less destructive to many materials that otherwise would be damaged at higher temperatures.

Moist Heat

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Physical Methods HEAT ______ causes proteins to coagulate (as occurs when eggs are hard boiled)

Moist heat

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Physical Methods HEAT Autoclaves should be set to run ______ minutes at a pressure of ______ psi and a temperature of ______ C

20, 15, 121.5

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Physical Methods HEAT ______ - sealed heating device that uses steam under pressure to kill microorganisms, thus Killing of heat resistant endospores requires heating at temperatures above the boiling point of water at ______ atm.

AUTOCLAVE, 1

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Physical Methods HEAT ______ - set to run 15-20 minutes at a pressure of 15 psi and a temperature of 121.5 C

AUTOCLAVE

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Physical Methods HEAT ______ - uses heat to significantly reduce rather than totally eliminate the microorganisms found in liquids, such as milk

PASTEURIZATION

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Physical Methods HEAT ______ - raises the temperature of the milk to ______ C for ______ seconds (or even higher temperatures for shorter time periods then cooled rapidly

PASTEURIZATION, 71, 15

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Physical Methods COLD Microorganisms not killed by cold temperatures and freezing, but their metabolic activities are ______, greatly inhibiting their ______

slowed, growth

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Physical Methods COLD ______ causes ice crystals to form within cells and may rupture the cell membranes and cell walls of some bacteria

Slow freezing

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Physical Methods COLD ______, using liquid ______, is a good way to preserve foods, biologic specimens, and bacterial cultures. It places bacteria into a state of suspended ______

Rapid freezing, nitrogen, animation

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Physical Methods ______ Foods, antisera, toxins, antitoxins, antibiotics, and pure cultures of microorganisms are alen preserved by ______-the combined use of freezing and drying

DESICCATION, lyophilization

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Physical Methods ______ UV rays, which do not penetrate glass and building materials, are effective only in the air and on surfaces. They do, however, penetrate cells and, thus, can cause damage to ______. When this occurs, genes may be so severely damaged that the cell dies (especially ______ microorganisms) or is drastically changed

RADIATION, DNA, unicellular

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Physical Methods RADIATION UV Radiation: ______ and ______ nm

220, 300

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Physical Methods ______ are a frequently used means of cleaning delicate equipment. ______ cleaners consist of tanks filled with liquid solvent (usually ______); the ______ sound waves are then passed through the liquid. The sound waves mechanically dislodge organic debris on instruments and glassware

ULTRASONIC WAVES, Ultrasonic, water, short

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Physical Methods ______ Filters of various ______ are used to filter or separate cells, larger viruses, bacteria, and certain other microorganisms from the liquids or gases in which they are suspended

FILTRATION, pore sizes

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Physical Methods FILTRATION Commonly used filter pore sizes for the filter sterilization of small volumes, such as laboratory solutions, are ______ μm and ______ μm

0.45, 0.2

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Physical Methods FILTRATION ______ - typically remove 0.3-μm or larger particles from an airstream with an efficiency of greater than ______%. This does not ensure ______, however.

HEPA filter - High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter, 99.9, sterilization

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Physical Methods ______ inhibit growth of microorganisms by altering the atmosphere in which they are located

GASEOUS ATMOSPHERE

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Physical Methods GASEOUS ATMOSPHERE ______ and ______ require oxygen, they can be killed by placing them into an atmosphere devoid of oxygen or by removing oxygen from the environment in which they are living

aerobes, microaerophiles

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Physical Methods GASEOUS ATMOSPHERE Eg. ______ - caused by Clostridium genus, treated by placing the patient in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber

GAS GANGRENE

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Physical Methods:

Filtration Heat Cold Gaseous atmosphere Desiccation Radiation Ultrasonic Waves

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Chemical Methods:

Disinfectants Antiseptics/Germicide Sterilants Sanitizers

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Chemical Methods ______ - chemical agents to inhibit the growth of pathogens, either temporarily or permanently (not necessarily endospores) primarily on surfaces

Disinfectants

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Chemical Methods ______ - Antimicrobial chemical agents that can safely be applied to skin

Antiseptics/Germicide

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Chemical Methods ______ - merely reduces the number of organisms on a surface; it does not penetrate pores and hair follicles to destroy microorganisms residing

Antiseptics/Germicide

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Chemical Methods ______ - applied at the site of the surgical incision to destroy local microorganisms

Antiseptics/Germicide

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Chemical Methods ______ - destroy all microorganisms, including endospores

Sterilants

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Chemical Methods Sterilants - Eg. gases such as ______ or ______ such as ______ or ______ to sterilize the devices

ethylene oxide, aldehydes, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Chemical Methods ______ - less harsh than disinfectants and reduce microbial numbers but do not sterilize

Sanitizers

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vitro Chemical Methods ______ - widely used in the food industry to treat surfaces such as mixing and cooking equipment, dishes, and utensils, and are also used for dry handwashing when water is unavailable

Sanitizers

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL CHEMICAL ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT:

● Wide or broad antimicrobial spectrum ● Fast acting ● Not affected by presence of organic matter ● Nontoxic, noncorrosive, non destructive ● Leaves a residual antimicrobial film ● Soluble in water and easy to apply ● Inexpensive and easy to prepare ● Stable ● Odorless

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vivo ______ - refers to the use of any chemical (drug) to treat any disease or condition

Chemotherapy

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vivo ______ - any drug used to treat any condition or disease

Chemotherapeutic agent

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vivo ______ - Father of Chemotherapy

Paul Ehrlich

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vivo ______ - Discovered an arsenic compound effective in treating syphilis

Paul Ehrlich

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vivo ______ - any chemical (drug) used to treat an infectious disease, either by inhibiting or killing pathogens in vivo

Antimicrobial agents

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vivo ______ - substance produced by a microorganism that is effective in killing or inhibiting the growth of other microorganisms

Antibiotic

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vivo All ______ are ______ but NOT ALL ______ are ______

antibiotics, antimicrobials, antimicrobials, antibiotics

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vivo CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT:

• Kill or inhibit the growth of pathogens • Cause no damage to the host • Cause no allergic reaction in the host • Be stable when stored in solid or liquid form • Remain in specific tissues in the body long enough to be effective • Kill the pathogens before they mutate and become resistant to it

Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes in Vivo 5 MOST COMMON MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS:

• Inhibition of cell wall synthesis • Damage to cell membranes • Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis (either DNA or RNA synthesis) • Inhibition of protein synthesis • Inhibition of enzyme activity

ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS BACTERIOSTATIC or BACTERICIDAL? SULFONAMIDES

BACTERIOSTATIC

ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS ______ - inhibit production of folic acid in those bacteria that require p-aminobenzoic acid to synthesize folic acid. Because the sulfonamide molecule is similar in shape to the ______ molecule, bacteria attempt to metabolize sulfonamide to produce folic acid. However, the enzymes that convert PABA to folic acid cannot produce folic acid from the sulfonamide molecule. Without ______, bacteria cannot produce certain essential proteins and finally die.

SULFONAMIDES, PABA, folic acid

ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS ______ - called competitive inhibitors – inhibit growth of microorganisms by competing with an enzyme required to produce an essential metabolite

SULFONAMIDES

ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS ______ - interferes with the synthesis and cross linking of peptidoglycan (component of bacterial cell wall) → inhibiting ______ → destroys ______

PENICILLINS, cell wall synthesis, bacteria

ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS BROAD-SPECTRUM Eg. ______, ______, and ______

ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline

ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS NARROW-SPECTRUM Eg. ______ - Gram(+) ______ & ______ - Gram (-)

VANCOMYCIN COLISTIN, NALIDIXIC ACID

SOME MAJOR CATEGORIES OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS:

PENICILLINS CEPHALOSPORINS TETRACYCLINES MACROLIDES FLUOROQUINOLONES

SOME MAJOR CATEGORIES OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS PENICILLINS Characteristics:

Beta-lactam drugs Bacterial cell wall synthesis interference Bactericidal

SOME MAJOR CATEGORIES OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS PENICILLINS Gram-positive cocci (e.g., ______, ______, ______), Gram-positive bacilli (e.g., ______, ______), Gram-negative cocci (e.g., ______, ______), some anaerobic bacteria (e.g., ______), and some spirochetes (e.g., ______

Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes Bacillus anthracis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae Neisseria gonorrhoeae Neisseria meningitidis Clostridium perfringens Treponema

SOME MAJOR CATEGORIES OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS CEPHALOSPORINS Characteristics:

Beta-lactam drugs Bacterial cell wall synthesis interference Bactericidal

SOME MAJOR CATEGORIES OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS CEPHALOSPORINS 1ST GEN : Gram positive bacteria ______ 2ND GEN : increased activity against Gram negative bacteria ______ 3RD GEN: Greater activity against Gram negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) ______, ______, ______ 4TH GEN: activity against BOTH Gram(+) & (-) ______

Cefazolin Cefuroxime Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone Cefipime

______ - enzyme produced by some bacteria Penicillinases Cephalosporinases ______ + ______

Beta-lactamases Beta-lactam antibiotic, Beta-lactamase inhibitor

What are Beta-Lactamases? Combinations:

• Clavulanic acid (clavulanate) combined with amoxicillin (brand name, Augmentin) • Clavulanic acid (clavulanate) combined with ticarcillin (Timentin) • Sulbactam combined with ampicillin (Unasyn) • Tazobactam combined with piperacillin (Zosyn)

SOME MAJOR CATEGORIES OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS TETRACYCLINES Characteristics:

Broad spectrum drugs Bacterial ribosomes - target! Bacteriostatic

SOME MAJOR CATEGORIES OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS TETRACYCLINES Eg. ______, ______

Doxycycline, minocycline

SOME MAJOR CATEGORIES OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS ______ Effective against chlamydias, mycoplasmas, rickettsias, Vibrio cholerae, and spirochetes like Borrelia spp. and T. pallidum

TETRACYCLINES

SOME MAJOR CATEGORIES OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS MACROLIDES Characteristics:

Inhibit protein synthesis Bacteriostatic - LOW doses Bactericidal - HIGH doses

SOME MAJOR CATEGORIES OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS MACROLIDES Eg. ______, ______, ______

Erythromycin, Clarithromycon, Azithromycin

SOME MAJOR CATEGORIES OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS ______ Effective against chlamydias, mycoplasmas, T. pallidum, and Legionella spp.

MACROLIDES

SOME MAJOR CATEGORIES OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS FLUOROQUINOLONES Characteristics:

Inhibit DNA synthesis Bactericidal

SOME MAJOR CATEGORIES OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS FLUOROQUINOLONES Eg. ______

Ciprofloxacin

SOME MAJOR CATEGORIES OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS ______ Effective against members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa.

FLUOROQUINOLONES

Synergism vs Antagonism? Eg. Combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, a combination referred to as co-trimoxazole - - - urinary, respiratory & GI infections

Synergism

ANTI FUNGAL AGENTS: • By binding with ______ (e.g., nystatin and amphotericin B) • By interfering with ______ (e.g., clotrimazole and miconazole) • By blocking ______ or ______ (e.g., griseofulvin and 5-flucytosine)

cell membrane sterols sterol synthesis mitosis, nucleic acid synthesis

ANTI PROTOZOAL AGENTS: ● interfering with ______ and ______ synthesis (e.g., chloroquine, pentamidine, and quinacrine) ● interfering with ______ (e.g., metronidazole; brand name Flagyl)

DNA, RNA protozoal metabolism

ANTI VIRAL AGENTS: ● Antiviral agents are particularly difficult to develop and use because viruses are produced within ______. A few drugs have been found to be effective in certain viral infections; these work by inhibiting viral replication within cells ● ______ - first antiviral agent effective against HIV

host cells ZIDOVUDINE

DRUG RESISTANCE:

INTRINSIC RESISTANCE & ACQUIRED RESISTANCE