4: Actinomyces and Veillonella Flashcards by Secret acc

Actinomyces

Domain: ______
Phylum: ______
Class: ______
Order: ______
Family: ______
Genus: ______

Bacteria
Actinobacteria
Actinobacteria
Actinomycetales
Actinomycetaceae
Actinomyces

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Actinomyces
• ______, ______, ______, ______ or ______ bacteria. Though previously mistaken for ______ due to their branching filamentous morphology, they are true bacteria.

Gram-positive, non-acid-fast, filamentous, facultative anaerobes, microaerophilic, fungi

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Actinomyces
• They belong to the ______ order and are normal flora of the ______, ______ tract, ______ tract, and ______ tract.

Actinomycetales, oral cavity, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, respiratory

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Actinomyces

Morphology: ______, branched rods forming ______ structures. Often ______.

Filamentous, hyphae-like, pleomorphic

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Actinomyces

Staining: ______; may appear ______; not ______.

Gram-positive, Gram-variable, acid-fast

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Actinomyces

Colony morphology: ______, producing ______, ______ or ______ colonies; ______ to ______ in color.

Slow-growing, rough, cobweb-like, breadcrumb-like, white, creamy

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Actinomyces

Metabolism: ______ or ______ anaerobic; ______ metabolism.

Anaerobic, facultatively, fermentative

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Actinomyces

Cell wall structure: Peptidoglycan contains ______, ______, and ______. No ______ or ______.

alanine, lysine, D-glutamic acid, mycolic acids, diaminopimelic acid

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Actinomyces

Common Pathogenic Species in Humans:

• Actinomyces israelii
• Actinomyces naeslundii
• Actinomyces viscosus
• Actinomyces odontolyticus
• Actinomyces gerencseriae
• Actinomyces meyeri
• Actinomyces georgiae, A. turicensis, A. radingae

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Actinomyces

Common Pathogenic Species in Humans:
• ______ – Most important human pathogen; causes cervicofacial actinomycosis.

Actinomyces israelii

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Actinomyces

Common Pathogenic Species in Humans:
• ______ – Found in dental plaque and associated with early enamel demineralization.

Actinomyces naeslundii

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Actinomyces

Common Pathogenic Species in Humans:
• ______ – Implicated in periodontal disease.

Actinomyces viscosus

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Actinomyces

Common Pathogenic Species in Humans:
• ______ – Associated with root surface caries and early enamel lesions.

Actinomyces odontolyticus

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Actinomyces

Common Pathogenic Species in Humans:
• ______ – A commensal and previously classified under A. israelii.

Actinomyces gerencseriae

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Actinomyces

Common Pathogenic Species in Humans:
• ______ – Less common; implicated in thoracic and systemic infections.

Actinomyces meyeri

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Actinomyces

Common Pathogenic Species in Humans:
• ______ – Emerging pathogens in soft tissue and urogenital infections.

Actinomyces georgiae, A. turicensis, A. radingae

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Actinomyces

Other species isolated from humans include:

A. europaeus, A. johnsonii, A. oris, A. radicidentis, A. urogenitalis, A. dentalis, A. hongkongensis, etc.

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Actinomyces

Some species are also ______ or ______ (e.g., ______, ______, ______, ______).

animal-specific, environmental, A. bovis, A. hordeovulneris, A. suimastitidis, A. humiferus

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Actinomyces

Pathogenicity and Virulence

______ pathogens: Normally ______ (oral, GI, genital); cause disease after ______ injury (e.g., dental work, IUD use).

Opportunistic, commensal, mucosal

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Actinomyces

Pathogenicity and Virulence

Adhesion & Colonization:
• ______ (______): Bind to epithelial cells & coaggregate with Streptococcus spp.
• Surface ______ & ______ aid in biofilm formation.

Fimbriae, pili, adhesins, extracellular polysaccharides

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Actinomyces

Pathogenicity and Virulence

Invasion & Persistence:
• ______, ______ infections with ______ granules.
• Forms ______, ______, ______ tracts.
• ______ biofilms enhance survival & antibiotic ______.

Chronic, slow-spreading, sulfur

granulomas, abscesses, sinus, Anaerobic, resistance

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Actinomyces

Pathogenicity and Virulence

Immune Evasion:
• ______ & ______ activate ______ → inflammation.
• Induce ______ → ______ in periodontal infections.

Peptidoglycan, lipoproteins, TLRs

osteoclasts, bone loss

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Actinomyces

Clinical Significance:

• Cervicofacial Actinomycosis
• Thoracic & Abdominal Actinomycosis
• Pelvic Infections
• Oral Diseases
• Disseminated Infections

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Actinomyces

Clinical Significance:
• ______ (______–______%) – Most common; presents with abscesses, sinus tracts, and “sulphur granules”

Cervicofacial Actinomycosis, 60, 65

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Actinomyces Clinical Significance: • ______ (______–______%) & ______ (______–______%) Actinomycosis – Often associated with aspiration or abdominal trauma.

Thoracic, 15, 20, Abdominal, 10, 20

Actinomyces Clinical Significance: • ______ – Linked to intrauterine devices.

Pelvic Infections

Actinomyces Clinical Significance: • ______: Gingivitis, root surface caries, enamel demineralization.

Oral Diseases

Actinomyces Clinical Significance: • ______: Rare, can affect CNS, bones, or systemic organs.

Disseminated Infections

Actinomyces Portal of Entry Actinomyces can enter the human body through different pathways such as the ______, ______, ______, and ______.

oral cavity, respiratory tract, skin, gastrointestinal tract

Actinomyces Portal of Entry • ______: Actinomyces are naturally present in the ______, living in the spaces between teeth and gums. The most common way they can cause infection is after ______ due to the disruption of the ______ in the mouth.

Oral Cavity, mouth, dental procedure, bacterial balance

Actinomyces Portal of Entry • ______: Actinomyces can be inhaled especially if someone is exposed to dust or soil contaminated with the bacteria. People with ______ are more susceptible to infections since they have a weaked immune system.

Respiratory Tract, chronic lung diseases

Actinomyces Portal of Entry • ______: Actinomyces can enter the body through ______ or ______ on the skin, particularly in individuals who work with soil or animals.

Skin, open wounds, abrasions

Actinomyces Portal of Entry • ______: Actinomyces infections from the gastrointestinal tract are less common and typically occur in individuals with compromised immune systems or gastrointestinal disorders, such as ______ or ______

Gastrointestinal Tract, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis

Actinomyces SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS ______ can manifest in different ways depending on the location of the infection. General symptoms include: • ______ • ______ • ______

Actinomycosis, Fever, Weight Loss, Fatigue

Actinomyces Actinomycosis MANIFESTATIONS:

• CERVICO FACIAL ACTNOMYCOSIS • PULMONARY ACTINOMYCOSIS • UTERINE OR PELVIC ACTINOMYCOSIS • ABDOMINAL ACTINOMYCOSIS

Actinomyces Actinomycosis MANIFESTATIONS: ______ • Lumps on neck, jaw, face, or mouth • Pain in chewing • Pus in Skin

CERVICO FACIAL ACTNOMYCOSIS

Actinomyces Actinomycosis MANIFESTATIONS: ______ • Chest pain • Wet or dry cough. • Shortness of breath

PULMONARY ACTINOMYCOSIS

Actinomyces Actinomycosis MANIFESTATIONS: ______ • Abdominal pain: • Vaginal bleeding or discharge. • Lump or swelling in the lower abdomen.

UTERINE OR PELVIC ACTINOMYCOSIS

Actinomyces Actinomycosis MANIFESTATIONS: ______ • Abdominal pain: • Diarrhea or constipation • Weight loss

ABDOMINAL ACTINOMYCOSIS

Actinomyces Incubation Period Actinomycetes, are known for their ______ growth and exhibit different incubation periods depending on whether they are growing in a ______ (in vivo) or in a ______ (in vitro).

slow, living organism, laboratory culture

Actinomyces Incubation Period The incubation period for Actinomyces infections within a human body is much ______ and ranges from ______ to ______.

longer, weeks, months

Actinomyces Incubation Period Takes at least ______-______ days to grow in laboratory cultures

5, 14

Actinomyces Factors affecting Incubation Period The ______ of actinomycetes, the ______ between exposure and the appearance of ______, is influenced by a variety of factors.

incubation period, time, symptoms

Actinomyces Factors affecting Incubation Period These factors can be categorized into two main groups: • ______ factors related to the organism itself • ______ factors related to the environment and host.

intrinsic, extrinsic

Actinomyces Factors affecting Incubation Period Intrinsic Factors:

• Species • Virulence Factors • Growth Rate

Actinomyces Factors affecting Incubation Period Extrinsic Factors:

• Host • Route of Infection • Environmental Factors • Presence of other microorganisms

Actinomyces Susceptibility WHO IS AT RISK? • Individuals with poor ______ are at higher risk due to increased ______.

oral hygiene, bacterial accumulation

Actinomyces Susceptibility WHO IS AT RISK? • Those with ______, especially ______, are more susceptible as these conditions can compromise oral tissue integrity.

dental diseases, periodontitis

Actinomyces Susceptibility WHO IS AT RISK? • Recent ______ may disrupt the mucosal barrier, providing an entry point for Actinomyces species.

dental procedures

Actinomyces Susceptibility WHO IS AT RISK? • People with a compromised ______ have reduced ability to fight off infections, making them more vulnerable.

immune system

Actinomyces Treatment Treatment is usually composed of prolonged courses of ______.

antibiotics

Actinomyces Treatment ______ remains the first-line treatment of choice, with alternatives such as ______ or ______ available for patients who require them. In cases involving localized abscesses, ______ and ______ may be necessary to achieve optimal clinical outcomes.

Penicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, doxycycline, surgical drainage, excision

Actinomyces Treatment Duration Treatment duration can range from several ______ to several ______, depending on the severity of the condition and the patient’s response to therapy.

weeks, months

Actinomyces PREVENTION • Practicing good ______ and minimizing ______ to the ______ are important preventive measures.

oral hygiene, trauma, oral mucosa

Actinomyces PREVENTION • Treating ______ and ______

dental caries, periodontal diseases

Actinomyces PREVENTION • Routine ______ and ______ treatment of dental issues are essential

dental check-ups, prompt

Veillonella - ______, ______ cocci that are ______.

nonmotile, gram-negative, anaerobic

Veillonella - It is commonly found in the human ______, ______, and ______.

mouth, gut, vaginal tract

Veillonella - lacks ______ and ______; requires ______

glucokinase, fructokinase, lactate

Veillonella - Although ______ species have been established in the genus Veillonella, five species are recognized as oral Veillonella: ______ ______ ______ ______ ______

11, V. atypica, V. denticariosi, V. dispar, V. parvula, V. rogosae

Veillonella Taxonomy Domain: ______ Phylum: ______ Class: ______ Order: ______ Family: ______ Genus: ______ Species: ______ ______ ______

Bacteria Bacillota Negativicutes Veillonellales Veillonellaceae Veillonella V. parvula V. dispar V. atypica

Veillonella Location Veillonella species are part of the normal flora in various human body sites, including: • ______ • ______ • ______ • ______ • ______

Oral cavity Gastrointestinal tract Upper respiratory tract Vagina Urinary tract

Veillonella Morphology & Physiology • Veillonella species are ______ (approximately ______–______ µm in diameter), ______ cocci that typically appear in ______, ______, or ______.

small, 0.3, 0.5, Gram-negative, pairs, short chains, clusters

Veillonella Morphology & Physiology • They are strictly ______, ______, and lack ______ and ______.

anaerobic, non-motile, spores, capsules

Veillonella Morphology & Physiology • These bacteria are ______ and ______.

cytochrome-oxidase-, benzidine-negative

Veillonella Morphology & Physiology While generally considered ______, Veillonella species can act as ______, especially in ______ individuals.

commensals, opportunistic pathogens, immunocompromised

Veillonella Morphology & Physiology They have been implicated in various infections, including:

Periodontitis and dental caries Osteomyelitis Endocarditis Bacteremia Meningitis

Veillonella Species: ______ - common inhabitant of the oral cavity, found in both supra- and subgingival plaque, as well as on the oral mucosa. It's known for its ability to ferment ______, converting it into ______ and ______.

V. atypica, lactate, propionate, acetate

Veillonella Species: ______ - isolated from human carious dentine, suggesting a potential role in dental caries.

V. denticariosi

Veillonella Species: ______ - found in the gut of humans and has been associated with various systemic infections, including bacteremia. It has been linked to periodontal disease.

V. dispar

Veillonella Species: ______ - involved in the formation of dental plaque. It's known to co-aggregate with Streptococcus mutans.

V. parvula

Veillonella Species: ______ - found in dental plaque and has been linked to dental caries, particularly in children.

V. rogosae

Veillonella Species VIRULENCE • Veillonella species are not highly ______ on their own but can contribute to infections when other conditions are present.

pathogenic

Veillonella Species VIRULENCE • They can take advantage of compromised ______ or disrupted ______ to cause infections.

host defenses, microbial balance

Veillonella Species VIRULENCE • it contributes to oral ______ formation and may lead to the formation of dental disease such as ______.

biofilm, periodontitis

Veillonella Species DISEASES:

DENTAL CARIES PERIODONTAL DISEASE EARLY CHILDHOOD CARIES (ECC)

Veillonella Species DISEASES: ______ Frequently found in dental plaque. Although not the primary cause, they are implicated as contributing factors, especially ______.

DENTAL CARIES, V. parvula

Veillonella Species DISEASES: ______ Commonly found in subgingival biofilms. It contributes by promoting the growth of other periodontal pathogens.

PERIODONTAL DISEASE

Veillonella Species DISEASES: ______ ______ was specifically linked to severe ECC, a form of tooth decay that affects young children.

EARLY CHILDHOOD CARIES (ECC), V. parvula

Veillonella Portal of Entry Veillonella can enter the human body through different pathways such as the ______, ______, ______ and ______.

oral mucosa, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, genitourinary tract

Veillonella Portal of Entry ______: Veillonella lives in the mouth as part of the normal ______. Dental procedures, gum disease, or trauma can damage the ______. This allows the bacteria to enter the bloodstream or nearby tissues and cause infections.

Oral Mucosa, flora, oral mucosa

Veillonella Portal of Entry ______: Veillonella is commonly found in the ______. When the ______ is damaged by surgery, disease, or perforation, it can cross into sterile areas. This may lead to ______ or ______ infections.

Gastrointestinal Tract, gut, intestinal lining, peritonitis, bloodstream

Veillonella Portal of Entry ______: Veillonella can colonize the ______. In ______, saliva or secretions carrying the bacteria may enter the lungs. This can cause ______, especially in high-risk patients.

Respiratory Tract, oropharynx, aspiration, aspiration pneumonia

Veillonella Portal of Entry ______: Veillonella is present in the ______ flora. Medical procedures like ______ or ______ can disrupt the mucosa. This allows the bacteria to infect the bladder, uterus, or other internal areas.

Genitourinary Tract, vaginal, catheterization, trauma

Veillonella Signs and Symptoms Oral Infection:

• Gingival inflammation • Bleeding gums • Halitosis • Dental abscesses • Tooth mobility • Localized pain or tenderness

Veillonella Signs and Symptoms SYSTEMIC Infection:

• Fever and chills • Fatigue and malaise • Localized signs depending on site of infection • Bacteremia/sepsis

Veillonella Incubation Period There is ______ precisely defined incubation period for Veillonella infections because it is typically part of ______ infections and acts as an ______.

no, polymicrobial, opportunistic pathogen

Veillonella Incubation Period Symptoms generally appear within a few ______ to a ______ after the triggering event (e.g., dental procedure, surgery, trauma, or aspiration).

days, week

Veillonella Incubation Period In systemic infections, symptoms like fever or localized pain may develop within ______–______ days depending on the site and immune response.

1, 7

Veillonella Factors affecting incubation period:

Site of infection Immune Status Portal of Entry Polymicrobial Load Bacterial Load and Virulence

Veillonella Factors affecting incubation period: Site of infection • Infections in deeper tissues or sterile sites, such as bones or the bloodstream, may have a ______ incubation period compared to superficial infections.

longer

Veillonella Factors affecting incubation period: Immune Status • Immunocompromised individuals, including those with diabetes or undergoing chemotherapy, may experience a ______ incubation period due to reduced immune defenses.

shorter

Veillonella Factors affecting incubation period: Portal of Entry • Direct inoculation through surgical procedures or trauma can lead to a more ______ of symptoms.

rapid onset

Veillonella Factors affecting incubation period: Polymicrobial Load • Veillonella often coexists with other bacteria, and these interactions can influence the ______ and ______ of infection development.

speed, severity

Veillonella Factors affecting incubation period: Bacterial Load and Virulence • A higher concentration of bacteria or more virulent strains may ______ the incubation period.

shorten

Veillonella Susceptibility WHO IS AT RISK? • Individuals with weakened ______ (e.g., those undergoing chemotherapy or those with HIV/AIDS) • Patients with other underlying ______ may be at higher risk. (eg., Diabetes mellitus, Chronic kidney disease) • Those that have undergone recent ______ or ______ procedures

immune systems, medical conditions, surgeries, invasive

Veillonella Susceptibility CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Emphasize that ______ patients or those with ______ conditions should be closely monitored for signs of oral infection.

immunocompromised, chronic

Veillonella Treatment ______ Therapy: • Target ______ bacteria. • Common choices include ______. • ______ antibiotics with ______ coverage (e.g., amoxicillin-clavulanate) are also used.

Antimicrobial, anaerobic, metronidazole, Beta-lactam, anaerobic

Veillonella Decision Considerations Severity & Location The choice of antibiotic may vary based on the severity of the infection and its location: Mild to Moderate Infections: • Oral antibiotics such as ______ or ______.

amoxicillin-clavulanate, metronidazole

Veillonella Decision Considerations Severity & Location The choice of antibiotic may vary based on the severity of the infection and its location: Severe or Disseminated Infections: • ______ antibiotics like ______ combined with ______.

Intravenous, ceftriaxone, metronidazole

Veillonella Decision Considerations Severity & Location The choice of antibiotic may vary based on the severity of the infection and its location: Severe or Disseminated Infections: • Duration typically ranges from ______ to ______ weeks, depending on the infection site and severity.

4, 6

Veillonella Prevention Oral Hygiene: • Regular ______ and ______ to reduce dental plaque. • Routine ______ for early detection and management of oral infections.

brushing, flossing, dental check-ups

Veillonella Prevention Medical Management: • Control of ______ conditions like ______ to reduce susceptibility. • Careful use and maintenance of indwelling ______ devices to prevent biofilm formation.

chronic, diabetes, medical

Veillonella Prevention Infection Control Measures: • Adherence to ______ techniques during medical procedures. • Monitoring for signs of infection in ______ patients.

aseptic, high-risk

4: Actinomyces and Veillonella Flashcards

(105 cards)