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a. histology (danica) > 10 Respiratory System > Flashcards

10 Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

site of the gas exchange, microscopic structures, respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts – alveoli

A

respiratory zone

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2
Q

function in respiration, olfaction, and speech

A

Respiratory system

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3
Q

total amount of exchangeable air or the maximum amount of air that can be moved during one respiratory cycle

A

Vital Capacity

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4
Q

expandability or “stretchiness” of the lungs higher lung compliance makes it easier to expand lungs normally high due to distensibility of lung tissue and surfactant low compliance leads to difficulty in breathing

A

Lung compliance

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5
Q

gas-liquid boundary, liquid molecules are more attracted to one another than gas resists any force that tends to increase surface area of liquid water- high surface tension; coats alveolar walls →reduces them to smallest size without surfactant to reduce surface tensions, alveoli would collapse

A

Alveolar surface tension

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6
Q

quite expiration normally passive process - note: forced expiration is active process; uses abdominal (oblique and transverse) and internal intercostal muscles

A

Expiration

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7
Q

increased volume-decreased pressure - an active process beginning with muscle contraction - changes in thoracic volume and sequence of events during inspiration

A

Inspiration

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8
Q

supply blood with oxygen for cellular respiration and dispose of carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration

A

Respiration

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9
Q

breathing movement of air into and out of the lungs

A

Pulmonary ventilation

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10
Q

forms a right of cartilage just inferior to thyroid cartilage, pairs of arytenoid, cuneiform and corniculate cartilages

A

Cricoid cartilage

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11
Q

outermost layer of connective tissue encases C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

A

Adventitial layer of trachea wall

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12
Q

connective tissue with seromucous glands (serum mucus)

A

Submucosa layer of trachea

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13
Q

ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells

A

Mucosal layer of trachea

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14
Q

connects posterior of cartilage rings -contracts during coughing to expel mucus; coughing increases pressure, constricts the muscle, narrows diameter of trachea

A

Tracheal muscles

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15
Q

increases diameter for large volumes of air (relaxes trachealis) - skeletal muscle bridges back of “C” cartilage - esophagus is behind trachea; swallow, needs to expand, the esophagus can bulge into backside of trachea because of “c” ring that doesn’t go all the way around

A

Sympathetic stimulation

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16
Q

windpipe; extends from cartilage of the larynx to branches of primary bronchi - walls supported by C-shaped tracheal cartilages -open part of cartilages face posteriorly towards esophagus - not continuous cartilaginous tube (cartilage in “C” rings around tube) still have ciliated epithelia in tube

A

Trachea

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17
Q

forms anterior and lateral surfaces of larynx; where adam’s apple is, testosterone makes it bigger

A

Thyroid cartilage

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18
Q

Polygonal to cuboidal epithelial cells within alveoli that secrete pulmonary surfactant and readily divide following tissue injury to type I alveolar cells.

A

Type II alveolar cells (type II pneumocytes)

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19
Q

Flattened squamous epithelial cells that line pulmonary alveoli and facilitate gas exchange.

A

Type I alveolar cells (type I pneumocytes)

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20
Q

oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood circulation

A

Transport

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21
Q

where simple diffusion of gases takes place Three layers: 1. squamous epithelial cells lining the alveoli 2. endothelial cells of adjacent capillary 3. fused basement membranes between alveolar and endothelial; each tissue has its own basement membrane. Diffusion occurs rapidly because the distance is small and both oxygen and carbon dioxide are lipid soluble

A

Respiratory membrane

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22
Q

pseudostratified mucosal epithelium composed of columnar epithelial cells with apical cilia often admixed with goblet cells. This epithelium is characteristic of the upper respiratory tract (nasal cavity, sinuses, nasopharynx), eustachian tube, trachea, and large bronchi.

A

Respiratory epithelium

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23
Q

Tall, pseudostratified sensory epithelium within the caudal portions of the nasal cavity that contains a population of chemoreceptor cells, olfactory receptor cells, that generate the sensation of smell.

A

Olfactory epithelium

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24
Q

Scroll-like structures within the nasal cavity that are composed of a core of thin bone surrounded by connective tissue and lined by respiratory epithelium; function to help warm and humidify air and trap particulates.

A

Nasal turbinates

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25
Q

projects over the glottis and covers the glottis during swallowing elastic cartilage; all other structures have hyaline cartilage

A

Epiglottis

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26
Q

air enters larynx through?

A

glottis

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27
Q

end of soft palate, prevents air/food from going into the nasal cavity - made of 9 cartilages, ligaments, and skeletal muscles.

A

uvula

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28
Q

oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues.

A

Internal respiration

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29
Q

oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between lungs and blood.

A

External respiration

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30
Q

columnar epithelial cells that produce and secrete mucin, a glycoprotein that is a major constituent of mucus.

A

Goblet cells

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31
Q

pathway moving air; no gas exchange, includes all structures from nasal cavity to larger bronchioles, this also cleanses, warms and humidifies the air and cools the air on way out (maintains homeostasis), facilitates the exchange, needs a head for diffusion, lines with respiratory mucosa with cilia; traps and get rid of particles before they go into lungs; pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

Conducting zone

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32
Q

rich in metabolic enzymes (cytochrome P450 enzymes) and therefore serve a major role in the biotransformation of inhaled xenobiot; cuboidal epithelial cells with apical microvilli located within and distal to bronchioles.

A

Club cells (Claracells)

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33
Q

like the arterioles of the cardiovascular system; controls the amount of resistance to airflow - extreme bronchoconstriction can almost completely block passage ways no cartilage, all smooth muscle

A

Bronchioles

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34
Q

trachea branches into two primary bronchi (right/left), one on each lung secondary bronchi branch off primary; enter lung lobes (2 on left lung, 3 on right), one to each lobe tertiary bronchi (9-10 branches each lung) supply bronchopulmonary segment - C shaped rings are now offset, protects from all directions - bronchioles branch into alveoli

A

Bronchial tree

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35
Q

relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas, gasses fill the container: if the container size is reduced – the pressure increases (P). Pressure varies inversely with volume. Changes in thoracic/lung volume of the pleural cavities – the movement of the chest wall or diaphragm will directly affect the volume of the lung by changing the volume of pleural cavities.

A

Boyle’s law

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36
Q

chamber that connect to multiple individual alveoli, surrounded by fine elastic fibers and pulmonary capillaries, only to respond to stretching, and recoil; skeletal muscles would be too thick, (we do not want this to prevent gas flow to capillaries)

A

Alveolar sacs

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37
Q

connect adjacent alveoli and equalizes air pressure throughout the lungs

A

Alveolar pores

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38
Q

keep alveolar surfaces sterile, 2 million dead macrophages/hour carried by cilia – throat – swallowed.

A

Alveolar macrophages

39
Q

composed of a single layer of squamous epithelium (type 1 alveolar cells or pneomocytes), scattered cuboidal type II alveolar cells secrete surfactants and antimicrobial proteins; no gas exchange, secrete oily surfactant in humid/watery environment ( (liquid has the tendency to stick together, try to collapse alveoli) this can be prevented by surfactant. Has an extensive but small capillary network.

A

Alveoli

40
Q

Three layers of respiratory membrane

A

1.squamous epithelial cells lining the alveoli
2. endothelial cells of adjacent capillary
3. fused basement membranes between alveolar and endothelial;

41
Q

respiratory can be divided into

A

air conduction portion and respiratory portion

42
Q

provide oxygen to body tissues for cellular respiration, remove the waste
product carbon dioxide, and help to maintain acid-base balance.

A

conduction zone

43
Q

Portions of the respiratory system are also used for non-vital functions such as?

A

sensing odors, speech production, straining

44
Q

Air is conditioned by being humidified by?

A

serous and mucous secretions

45
Q

air is being conditioned by being warmed? and filtered?

A

underlying blood vessels,
particles being trapped in mucous
secretions, and transported towards the
throat

46
Q

In pulmonary ventilation, the air is inhaled
through the

A

nasal and oral cavities

47
Q

respiratory process takes place through hundreds of millions of microscopic
sacs called

A

alveoli

48
Q

secrete mucus, and are characterized by cytoplasm filled with poorly staining, basophilic material (mucin)

A

goblet cells

49
Q

Traditional respiratory epithelium is

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

50
Q

paired external apertures of the nasal cavities in our domestic species are
termed

A

external nares (nostrils)

51
Q

Consists of the nostrils
and nasal cavity, the pharynx, the larynx, and the turbinates. These structures
allow us to breathe and speak. They warm and clean the air we inhale.

A

upper respiratory system

52
Q

Scroll-shaped bones protrude and form spaces through
which the air pass

A

nasal conchae

53
Q

swirl the air around to allow the air time to humidify, warm, and be
cleaned before it enters the lungs

A

nasal conchae

54
Q

specialized epithelium that facilitates the sense of smell

A

epithelium mucosa

55
Q

The olfactory epithelium is tall, pseudostratified epithelium that contains three
distinct cell types

A

olfactory receptor cells
sustentacular cells
basal cells

56
Q

modified neurons and chemoreceptor cells
interspersed within the olfactory epithelium

A

olfactory receptor cells

57
Q

histologically similar to the respiratory epithelium and have apical microvilli. These cells provide structural and metabolic support to the
epithelium.

A

sustentacular cells

58
Q

cuboidal to short polygonal cells that reside adjacent to the
basement membrane

A

basal membrane

59
Q

bone-encased, air-filled spaces within the skull that
communicate with the nasal cavities

A

paranasal sinuses

60
Q

horse have well-developed and distinct paranasal sinuses that includes

A

frontal, dorsal conchal, ventral conchal, rostral maxillary, caudal maxillary, and sphenopalatine

61
Q

have only frontal and maxillary sinuses

A

dogs

62
Q

produce mucus and lighten the weight of the skull

A

paranasal sinuses

63
Q

conchae, meatuses, and paranasal sinuses are lined by

A

respiratory epithelium

64
Q

help remove the mucus and debris from the
nasal cavity with a constant beating motion, sweeping materials towards the
throat to be swallowed

A

cilia of respiratory epithelium

65
Q

paired (left and right) specialized chemoreceptor
organs adjacent to the nasal septum within the nasal cavity of domestic species

A

vomeronasal organs

66
Q

similar to olfactory receptor cells, are modified
neurons that detect pheromones (e.g. pheromones in urine) and transmit to the
brain via efferent axons

A

vomeronasal receptors

67
Q

shaped like a funnel and lined by a mucous membrane that is continuous
with that of the nasal cavities. During respiration, it conducts air between the larynx
and trachea (or “windpipe”) and the nasal and oral cavities

A

pharynx

68
Q

Flanked by the
conchae of the nasal cavity, and it serves
only as an airway. The lining epithelium is
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium

A

nasopharynx

69
Q

A passageway for both
air and food. This lies posterior to the oral
cavity and contains the palatine tonsils. The lining epithelium is stratified
squamous epithelium.

A

oropharynx

70
Q

Lies anterior to the oropharynx and posterior to the larynx. It continues the route for ingested material and air until its inferior end, where the
digestive and respiratory systems diverge.

A

laryngopharynx

71
Q

complex, tubular organ, the structure of which is primarily composed
of elastic and hyaline cartilage and skeletal

A

larynx

72
Q

connects the naso- and oro-pharynx with the trachea, functioning in air
conduction, and vocalization, and in obstructing the passage of ingesta into the
trachea during deglutition

A

larynx

73
Q

supported by a
series of C-shaped
cartilaginous (hyaline
cartilage) rings

A

trachea

74
Q

ends of the
incomplete cartilaginous
rings of the trachea are
connected by a band of smooth muscle called?

A

trachealis muscle

75
Q

bronchoconstriction is a life-threatening effect of
massive histamine release, mediated via

A

mast cell derive histamine

76
Q

thin-walled airways lined by variably ciliated or non-ciliated columnar epithelium

A

bronchioles

77
Q

lack cartilage and glands which, along with their smaller size, distinguish them histologically from bronchi

A

bronchioles

78
Q

Bronchioles open into short segments called _______, which are thin- walled branches of the bronchioles

A

terminal bronchioles

79
Q

the transition into respiratory bronchioles

A

terminal bronchioles

80
Q

rich in cytochrome P450, an enzyme responsible for the biotransformation of inhaled and circulating toxins

A

club cells

81
Q

abundant and highly active in hepatocytes, another cell type
responsible for the biotransformation of toxins

A

P450

82
Q

production of pulmonary
secretions and progenitor (proliferating)
cells that may repopulate after cell loss
and/or injury

A

club cells

83
Q

conducting regions lined by knob-like projections of cuboidal epithelium that cover small amounts of
smooth muscles

A

alveolar ducts

84
Q

site of gas exchange in the lungs; elastic, thin-walled structures arranged in clumps
at the ends of respiratory bronchioles

A

alveolar ducts

85
Q

Alveoli are thin-walled, sac-like
structures lined by a single layer of
flattened squamous epithelial cells which facilitate gas exchange across their surface

A

type I pneumocytes

86
Q

cuboidal epithelial cells frequently residing in the corners of alveolar space responsible for secretion of surfactants

A

type II pneumocytes

87
Q

a fluid composed of phospholipids and proteins that coats the
surface of alveolar spaces to reduce surface tension, allowing for alveoli to expand
and remain open

A

surfactant

88
Q

Play a crucial role in tissue repair in the lung. Following damage to type I pneumocytes, it proliferate and
differentiate into type I pneumocytes, thereby restoring alveolar

A

type II pneumocytes

89
Q

Alveolar spaces contain a resident population of macrophages, always present
on their inner surfaces, where
they ingest and destroy airborne
irritants such as bacteria, chemicals, and
dust.

A

alveolar macrophages

90
Q

outer surface of the entire lung parenchyma is covered by? and what type of CT?

A

visceral pleura, thin loose CT

91
Q

2 sources of blood supply of lungs

A

bronchial arterial supply and pulmonary arterial supply

92
Q

pulmonary arterial circulation originates from

A

ride side of the heart

93
Q

s originate from the thoracic aorta and also course along large airways, providing much of the blood supply to these structures, as well as the
pleura.

A

bronchial arteries

94
Q

occurs in every body cell when oxygen reacts with glucose to free its energy in chemical
form

A

cellular respiration

a. histology (danica) (17 decks)

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