Nervous System Flashcards by Danica Polbos

constitutes the CNS

brain, spinal cord

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

make up the peripheral NS

nerves, sensory organs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

transmit and process sensory information and coordinate bodily functions

CNS, PNS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

function as the control center

brain and spinal cord (CNS)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what carries incoming and outgoing signals

Nerve pathways of the PNS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

receive data and feedback from the sensory organs and from nerves throughout the body, process the information, and send commands back out

CNS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

receives information from the body’s environment and generates instructions, thereby controlling all the activities of the human body

CNS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

conveys this two-way information flow into and out of the CNS

PNS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The central parts of the CNS are occupied by spaces called

ventricles with CSF

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where is the brain and what forms it?

Neurocranium

cerebrum
cerebellum
brainstem

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

placed within the vertebral column

spinal cord

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

transmits signals to and from the brain and commands reflexes

spinal cord

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

elongated cylinder of neuron cell bodies, bundles of axons protected by CT

spinal cord

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

signals speed in and out of the spinal cord via ______ that branch out to supply the limbs, torso, and pelvis

spinal nerves

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Incoming signals demanding a simple,
immediate response which spinal cord can shootout a reflex command without bothering the brain

Reflex arc

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

made of neuron cell bodies found in the cerebral cortex and the central portion of the spinal cord

gray matter

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

made of axons, which combine and build neural pathways

white matter

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

where the instructions generate

gray matter

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the path through which the instructions travel toward the organs

white matter

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

conducts information from the CNS to the target tissues, and from the target tissues to the CNS

PNS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Nerves that carry information from peripheral sense organs to CNS

ascending, afferent, or sensory nerve fibers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fibers that carry information from the CNS to the periphery (muscles and glands)

descending, efferent motor, or secretory nerve fibers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cluster of neural tissue outside of the CNS, made of neuronal cell bodies

ganglion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ganglia can be both?

sensory and autonomic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

They are associated with spinal nerves and some cranial nerves. Name the nerves.

Sensory ganglia Cranial Nerves (V, VII, IX, X)

voluntary control over our movements and responses

somatic nervous system

Major somatic peripheral nerves

1. median nerve 2. sciatic nerve 3. femoral nerve

controls all the internal organs unconsciously, through the associated smooth muscle and glands

autonomic nervous system

producing the "flight or fight“ state as it is part of the ANS which is mostly active during stress

Sympathetic NS

Parasympathetic dominates during rest and is more active in these activities (2)

1. rest and digest 2. feed and breed

Spinal nerves are divided into?

8 cervical nerves 12 thoracic nerves 5 lumbar nerves 5 sacral nerves 1 coccygeal nerve

branches of one spinal nerve may join with other nerves to form meshes where information is shared

plexuses

send signals along secondary nerve branches to areas of complex function or movement

plexuses

Cervical plexuses (C1-C4) innervates? (7)

1. back of the head 2. pericardium 3. diaphragm via great auricular 4. transverse cervical nerve 5. lesser occipital 6. supraclavicular 7. phrenic nerves

brachial plexus (C5-T1) innervates upper limb nerves such as?

1. median 2. ulnar radial 3. musculocutaneous 4. axillary nerves

lumbar plexus innervates the muscles and skin of the abdomen and pelvis, and thigh muscles via? (7)

1. iliohypogastric 2. ilioinguinal 3. genitofemoral 4. lateral femoral cutaneous 5. obturator 6. femoral nerves

sacral plexus innervates the muscles and skin of?

pelvis, posterior thigh, lower leg and foot

three structures of brain stem

a. the medulla oblongata b. the pons c. the midbrain

connects the spinal cord to the higher-thinking centers of the brain

brain stem

continuous with the spinal cord and connects to the pons above

medulla oblongata

connects the pons to the diencephalon and forebrain

midbrain or mesencephalon

pons helps control?

breathing rhythym

medulla oblongata functions (4)

1. respiration 2. digestion 3. circulation 4. reflexes (swallowing, coughing, and sneezing)

midbrain contributes to?

1. motor control 2. vision 3. hearing 4. vision and hearing-related reflexes

region of the forebrain, connected to both the midbrain and the cerebrum

diencephalon

forms most of the diencephalon

thalamus

consists of two symmetrical egg-shaped masses, with neurons that radiate out through the cerebral cortex

diencephalon

part of the brain which determines which signals require conscious awareness, and which should be available for learning and memory

thalamus

helps to process sensory impulses of smell, taste, and vision and manages emotions such as pain and pleasure, aggression and amusement

hypothalamus

the visceral control center, regulating the endocrine system and internal functions that sustain the body day to day

hypothalamus

translates nervous system signals into activating or inhibiting hormones that it sends to the pituitary gland

hypothalamus

Functions of hypothalamus

1. manages the autonomic nervous system 2. signals sleep cycles 2. circadian rhythm 4. regulates food consumption 5. monitors and adjusts body chemistry and temperature

Four lobes of cerebral cortex

1) Frontal lobe 2) Temporal lobe 3) Occipital lobe 4) Parietal lobe

In a spinal cord cross-section, the axon pathways appear as “white matter”, what makes it white?

myelin sheaths

white matter forms three columns (funiculi) on each side of the spinal cord (3)

1. posterior (dorsal) 2. anterior (ventral) 3. lateral columns

tracts which carry sensory input up to the brain

ascending

tracts that send motor commands downward to the body

descending

involve circuits of sensory nerve fibers that feed information to the spinal cord and connect directly to motor nerve fibers without the need of brain

Spinal Reflex (process: Reflex arc))

rapid, involuntary, predictable response to a stimulus

reflex

Give three examples of Reflex Arc

1. coughing 2. sneezing 3. swallowing

area of the skin that is mainly supplied by branches of a single spinal sensory nerve root

dermatome

Give three examples of sensation in which dermatome transmit signals from to the spinal cord

1. pain symptoms 2. touch 3. temperature

charged cells conducting electrical signals to pass information through the body

neurons

produce a fatty material called myelin which is a good insulator along the Axon of the Neuron cell

Schwann cells

a potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord which immune system attack the myelin sheath

Multiple sclerosis

Name the most common neurotransmitters

1. Acetylcholine 2. Epinephrine 3. Norepinephrine 4. Serotonin

stimulate electrical signals in other neurons and encourage responses from body cells

excitatory neurotransmitters

discourage signals and cellular responses

inhibitory transmitters

produce a watery medium within the skull known as cerebrospinal fluid

ventricles (chambers)

absorbs and disperses excessive mechanical forces which might otherwise cause serious injury in the brain

CSF

protective membrane which envelops the brain

meninges

CSF is produced in clusters of thin-walled capillaries called?

Choroid plexus

contains proteins and glucose that provide energy for brain cell function as well as lymphocytes that guard against infection

cerebrospinal fluid

What part of the brain is responsible for raising particular memories when you smell certain scent?

limbic system

Limbic system both processes (2)?

1. memory 2. olfaction

Constitutes limbic system

1. hippocampus 2. amygdala 3. cingulate gyrus 4. dentate gyrus

specific part of the brain which gives us conscious control of our actions

cerebrum

part of the brain which mediate sensations, manages emotions, and commands whole internal systems

diencephalon

part of the brain responsible for adjusting body movements, speech coordination, and balance

cerebellum

Which part of the brain is responsible for relaying signals from the spinal cord and directs basic internal functions and reflexes?

brainstem

What is the seat of consciousness and where does high intellectual functions occur?

Cerebrum

the largest brain structure and part of the forebrain that not only processes sensory and motor information but enables consciousness, our ability to consider ourselves, and the outside world

cerebrum

a middle region of cerebellum connecting the 2 hemispheres

vermis

Primary functions of cerebellum

maintain posture and balance

Within the cerebellum, central white stem is found that spread branches and subbranches through the hemisphere. What is it called?

Arbor vitae

Name the five sensory organs.

1. hearing 2. olfaction 3. gustation 4. tactile perception 5. vision