16 Special Sense Flashcards by Danica Polbos

The fluid produced by the ciliary body that fills the anterior and
posterior chambers.

aqueous humor

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component of the uvea that extends from the edge of the optic
nerve to the pars plana

choroid

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component of the vascular tunic that produces aqueous humor
and is the site of attachment for the ciliary processes and the lenticular
zonules

ciliary body

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transparent, avascular structure in the anterior aspect of the eye that
functions to transmit and refract light

cornea

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angle formed by the cornea and the root of the iris that is
the entrance to the trabecular meshwork, the site of outflow of the aqueous
humor

iridocorneal angle

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anterior most portion of the vascular tunic that functions as a moveable
diaphragm between the anterior and posterior chamber

iris

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biconvex transparent crystalline structure that is the second refracting
unit of the eye

lens

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component of the nervous tunic of the eye containing photoreceptors
for light

retina

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major component of the fibrous tunic in the eyes

sclera

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nerve exiting the posterior aspect of the globe that extends to
the rest of the central nervous system

optic nerve

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term for the vascular tunic of the eye

uvea

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gel like material that fills the vitreous chamber

vitreous humor

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gel like material that fills the vitreous chamber

vitreous humor

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three tunics from the outside surface of the eye inward

(1) the fibrous tunic (cornea and sclera)
(2) the vascular tunic (iris, ciliary body, and choroid) (3) the neuroectodermal (nervous) tunic
(retina).

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composed of the cornea and sclera

fibrous tunic

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composed of the iris, ciliary body
and choroid

vascular tunic

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composed of the retina

nervous tunic

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Inside the eyeball, the lens is suspended in place by? which divides the interior of the eye into two regions, the anterior and posterior cavities

zonular fibers (also called the suspensory ligament)

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extends from the posterior surface of the cornea
to the iris

anterior chamber

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extends from the iris to the front surface of the
lens

posterior chamber

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extends from the posterior surface of the lens to
the retina

vitreous chamber

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anterior and posterior chambers are filled with the __________, a watery
fluid similar to plasma

aqueous humor

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a transparent, avascular structure that
functions to transmit and
refract light, and as a
protective barrier for the
internal ocular contents

cornea

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In general, the cornea of various species is remarkably similar, differing in?

thickness, curvature, shape

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corneal epithelium is composed of a what epithelium?

stratified squamous, non-keratinized cell layer

supplies oxygen to the cornea and approximately 10% of the glucose used by the cornea

tear film

in corneal epithelium, epithelial cells are divided into

basal, wing, and superficial cells

have microvilli, microplicae, and a glycocalyx on their surface to stabilize the tear film

superficial cells

contain abundant glycogen stores and are the source of cells for the renewal of the outer layers

basal cells

responsible for the secretion of the basement membrane, this membrane is composed of type IV collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAG’s

basal cells

Corneal stroma comprises ____ of the corneal thickness. It is composed of collagen fibers, keratocytes, and GAGs that account for 22% of the stroma

90%

Corneal stroma comprises ____ of the corneal thickness. It is composed of collagen fibers, keratocytes, and GAGs that account for 22% of the stroma

90%

remaining 78% of the stroma is?

water

The normal collagen in the corneal stroma is type I and is more heavily glycosylated than in skin. When injured this is replaced by?

type III collagen

affect hydration, thickness, and transparency

GAGs of stroma

posterior limiting membrane or Descemet’s membrane is a basal lamina secreted by?

endothelium

Comprised of type IV collagen and is produced throughout life, continuing to increase in thickness with age. It is insoluble except in strong acid or alkali and is more resistant to collagenase than is the corneal stroma

descemet's membrane

The innermost layer of the cornea is the endothelium. The origin of this layer is thought to be?

neural crest cells

constitutes the major portion of the fibrous tunic and joins the cornea at the limbus

sclera

composed of loose bundles of collagen and elastic fibers, blood vessels, nerves, fibroblasts and, depending on the species and color pattern, melanocytes

episclera

origin of vascular tunic?

mesoderm

anterior most portion of the vascular tunic and functions as a moveable diaphragm between the anterior and posterior chambers

iris

shape of pupil in dogs and rabbit?

circular

shape of pupil in horse and owl

oval

shape of pupil in horse and owl

oval

shape of pupil in cats

vertical

normally rest against the anterior lens surface and in the absence of this support, the iris will tremble

central portion of iris

The color of the iris depends on the pigmentation?

of both the stromal melanocytes and the posterior epithelium

animals with blue eyes the pigment is absent in the _______, while in the albino it is lacking in both the stroma and the posterior epithelium

stroma

homolog of the epithelium of the choroid plexus of the brain. It is a monolayer of hexagonal cells which is continuous anteriorly with the pigmented epithelial layer of the ciliary body and the anterior epithelium of the iris

Retinal Pigmented Epithelium

thickest near the optic nerve and thins towards the periphery

Sensory Retina

rods are long and slender, while the cones tend to have a?

shorter, wider appearance

source of production of the aqueous humor

Ciliary processes

largest part of the vascular tunic, extending from the ciliary body to the optic disc where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball

choroid

made of capillaries and is responsible for the nutrition of the outer parts of the retina

choroid

outermost cells of the sensory retina and is also known as the rod and cone layer.In this layer, a photochemical process takes place to convert light to an electrical impulse occurs in the outer segment.

Photoreceptors (first neuron layer)

less sensitive to light. They provide more detailed vision, color vision and predominant only in the fovea.

Cones

highly sensitive to light. They provide minimal detail and are inactive during daylight vision.

rods

receive input from the photoreceptors and transmit it to the ganglion cells. The nuclei of these cells form the inner nuclear layer.

integrating neurons

receive input from the integrating neurons and transmit impulses to the brain

Ganglion cells (third neuron layer)

supporting cells of the retina, however they do not participate directly in the electrical impulse transmission; lie in the inner nuclear layer among the nuclei of the bipolar neurons

Muller cells

form the nerve fiber layer and converge at the posterior pole of the eye to form the optic nerve

axons of the ganglion cells

complex process that involves a photochemical reaction converting light into electrical impulses.

Vision

acts to reflect light back to the retina and allow more photons to be absorbed by photoreceptors and converted to an electrical potential.

tapetum

biconvex transparent structure and is the second refracting unit of the eye. It lies posterior to the iris and is suspended from the ciliary body by the zonular fibers. It also has a posterior attachment to the anterior vitreous face where it lies in a depression of the vitreous, the patellar fossa.

lens

unique tissue in that it is avascular, transparent, lacks nerve supply, and has the highest concentration of protein in the body.

Lens

Suture lines are in a Y-shape, upright anteriorly and inverted posteriorly,

Human, dogs, and cats

Suture lines are in a Y-shape, upright anteriorly and inverted posteriorly,

Human, dogs, and cats

semifluid and transparent structure composed of 99% water with the remnants composed of collagen fiber matrix and mucopolysaccharide (hyaluronic acid)

Vitreous

forms as the lens vesicle and optic cup are forming.

Primary vitreous

produced by the Muller cells of the retina. As it forms, and the eye enlarges, the primary vitreous becomes proportionally smaller and axially located.

Secondary vitreous

collects sound waves and directs them to the auditory canal; composed of an internal layer of elastic cartilage that is covered by fat and skin.

Auricle

cavity in the temporal bone and extends from the tympanic membrane to the oval window in the bony labyrinth

Middle ear

The middle ear contains three tiny bones or auditory ossicles:

the malleus, incus, and stapes

amplify incoming sound waves, passing them to the inner ear.

Middle ear

inner ear lies in the temporal bone, and it consists of interconnected canals filled with a fluid called

Endolymph

cochlea is a spiral canal within the bone that makes three turns around a central bony column called the

Modiolus

receptor cells translate their movement into nerve impulses that travel via the _______ to the brain, where they are perceived as sound.

vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

inner ear also houses the ______, which provides the special sense of balance.

Vestibular system

16 Special Sense Flashcards

(79 cards)