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a. histology (danica) > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

A small gap between two nerve cells that neurotransmitters travel across

A

Synapse

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2
Q

Areas of axon covered by myelin sheath which are sites of impulse propagation and saltatory conduction

A

Internodes

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3
Q

Cytoplasmic region of myelin between the internode and node or ranvier

A

Paranode

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4
Q

Myelin sheath is discontinuous at intervals called?

A

Myelin node or Nodes of Ranvier

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5
Q

Where does myelination starts?

A

at the point where the axon emerges from the axon hillock

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6
Q

An axon enveloped by one fold of plasma membrane of neurolemma cells

A

Unmyelinated nerve fiber

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7
Q

Present only in the developing embryonic nervous system

A

Unipolar Neuron

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8
Q

Cell of cranial and spinal ganglia, it has two processes that fuse close to the cell body but separate at some distance from it

A

Pseudounipolar neuron

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9
Q

Synapses with a sensory receptor or soma from another ganglion; brings signals to the soma in the cranianiospinal ganglion

A

Afferent process of Pseudounipolar neuron

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10
Q

arises from craniospinal and extends to the dorsal horn of gray matter of spinal cord where it synapses with an interconnector neuron

A

Efferent process of Pseudounipolar neuron

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11
Q

has two processes that originate at opposite poles of the soma

A

Bipolar neuron

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12
Q

has many processes that arise from oval, pyramidal or stellate soma; it occurs in motor nuclei in the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord

A

Multipolar neuron

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13
Q

Connective tissue cell of the nervous system

A

Gliocyte or glial cell or neuroglial cell

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14
Q

Provide structural support to the CNS, store glycogen and release glucose

A

astrocyte

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15
Q

Have a long, thin, sparsely branched processes located in white matter

A

fibrous astrocyte

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16
Q

-Have numerous short, thick, highly branched processes
-located in gray matter

A

protoplasmic astrocyte

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17
Q

Tall and epitheloid in nature – look like epithelium but not possess a basement membrane

A

ependymal cells

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18
Q

is a mass of villi that originate from the tela choroidea and form a fuzzy tuft of epithelium that extends into the brain vesicles

A

choroid plexus

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19
Q

Kinociliated cells that line the brain ventricles and central canal of spinal cord

A

ependymal cells

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20
Q

Closely associated with neurons and blood vessels in the brain and spinal cord

A

oligodendrocytes

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21
Q

microglial cells are derived from?

A

mesoderm

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22
Q

Oval or spindle-shaped cells with scanty cytoplasm and round nucleus located at the expanded middle part of the cells

A

amphicytes or satellite cells or capsule cells

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23
Q

Produce myelin sheath of myelinated nerve fibers in the PNS

A

neurolemmocytes

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24
Q

When neurons lose the organ they innervate, they undergo degeneration and get replaced by what macrogliocyte?

A

astrocyte

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25
Q

a nervous area with a high amount of cell processes

A

neuropil

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26
Q

functions of extracellular matrix in the nervous system

A

cell movement
axonal movement
path finding
formation and function of synapses

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27
Q

composed of the brain and spinal cord, which coordinates information from all areas of the body and sends nerve impulses that control all bodily movements

A

central nervous system

28
Q

It connects the CNS to the rest of the body and is directly responsible for controlling movements of specific parts of the body

A

peripheral nervous system

29
Q

activates in order to stimulate a fight-or-flight response in an organism when that organism encounters a threat and must decide whether to fight or flee from it

A

sympathetic nervous system

30
Q

When an organism is faced with a threat, SNS is activated and affects the body in different ways. Give examples.

A

pupils of the eyes to dilate
inhibits digestion
increases sweat secretion
increases heart rate

31
Q

activated during moments of “rest and digest”, when an organism is not facing an immediate threat

A

parasympathetic nervous system

32
Q

regulates activities that are performed unconsciously; we don’t have to think about digesting food for it to occur, for example.

A

autonomic nervous system

33
Q

controls voluntary body movements made up of afferent and efferent nerves that send signals to and from the CNS, causing voluntary muscle contraction to occur.

A

somatic nervous system

34
Q

a specialized cell that conveys electrochemical impulses throughout the body

A

neuron

35
Q

a quick rise and fall in the electrical membrane potential of the neuron, which transmits signals from one neuron to the next

A

action potential

36
Q

They are electrically active and release chemical signals to target cells; can transmit signals called nerve impulses, or action potentials

A

Neurons

37
Q

relay information from the PNS to the CNS; different types of sensory neurons can detect temperature, pressure, and light.

A

sensory or afferent neurons

38
Q

send signals from the CNS to the PNS; these signals provide information to sensory neurons to “tell” them what to do

A

motor or efferent neurons

39
Q

connect sensory and motor neurons to the brain and spinal cord

A

interneurons

40
Q

they act as connectors to form neural circuits and are involved with reflex actions and higher brain functions like decision-making

A

interneurons

41
Q

finger-like projections that receive nerve impulses, branch off from the soma

A

dendrites

42
Q

When dendrites receive information from other neurons, they receive them in a specialized area of contact called?

A

synapses

43
Q

larger and branches off from the soma

A

axon

44
Q

are the presynaptic component of a synapse, the site of intercellular communication, where a neuron transmits its signal to another neuron

A

axon terminals

45
Q

are released from the ends of the axon terminals, and these travel across the synaptic cleft to reach receptors on the dendrites of other neurons.

A

neurotransmitters

46
Q

the basis of nervous tissue

A

neurons

47
Q

where the axon emerges from the cell body

A

axon hillock

48
Q

Within the axon hillock, the cytoplasm changes to a solution of limited components called

A

axoplasm

49
Q

axon hillock is also referred to as

A

initial segment

50
Q

acts as insulation much like the plastic or rubber that is used to insulate electrical wires

A

myelin

51
Q

The length of the axon between each gap, which is wrapped in myelin, is referred to as an

A

axon segment

52
Q

At the end of the axon is the axon terminal, where there are usually several branches extending toward the target cell, each of which ends in an enlargement called a

A

synaptic end bulb

53
Q

are known to play a supporting role in nervous tissue

A

glial cells

54
Q

functions of neuroglia

A

support neurons, supply nutrients, get rid of pathogens and dead cells, form insulation between neurons, aid in the formation of synaptic connection

55
Q

provide nutrients to neurons, maintain ion balance, and remove unneeded excess neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft.

A

astroglial cells

56
Q

form cerebrospinal fluid

A

non-ciliated ependymal cells

57
Q

help cerebrospinal fluid circulate

A

ciliated ependymal cells

58
Q

this fluid cushions the brain and spinal cord

A

cerebrospinal fluid

59
Q

a fatty substance wrapped around the axons of some neurons; it provides electrical insulation.

A

myelin sheath

60
Q

also form myelin sheaths around some neurons, but they are only found in the PNS

A

schwann cells

61
Q

small macrophage cells in the CNS that protect against disease by engulfing pathogens through phagocytosis

A

microglial cells

62
Q

A German pathologist named Rudolph Virchow wrote in 1856

A

This connective substance, which is in the brain, in the spinal cord, and special sense nerves, is a kind of glue in which the nervous system is planted.

63
Q

An organized group of cells that carries out a certain function

A

tissue

64
Q

What is the organ system responsible for controlling and coordinating body movements and functions?

A

Nervous System

65
Q

A sudden rise and fall in the electrical membrane potential of a neuron that leads to a signal being transmitted to other neurons or the target body organ

A

action potential

66
Q

A small gap between two nerve cells that neurotransmitters travel across.

A

synapse

67
Q

Main functions of myelin sheath?

A

insulate the axon, increase the velocity of action potential propagation, increase the speed of electrical signal conduction

a. histology (danica) (17 decks)

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