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BIOE4S > 2.1, 2, 10, 11 Cells And Organelles > Flashcards

2.1, 2, 10, 11 Cells And Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

Cells are the basis of what for every organism?

A
  • the basic structural and functional units
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2
Q

What are the four things that prokaryotes and eucaryotic cells all have?

A
  1. Are bound by a plasma membrane (regulates transport)
  2. Contain cytosol (liquid portion of cytoplasm)
  3. Contain chromosomes (genetic info)
  4. Contain ribosomes
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3
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A
  • prokaryotes and eukaryotes
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4
Q

What are the characteristics of prokaryotes? (3)

A
  • domains Bacteria and Archaea
  • DNA is in the nucleoid region
  • generally smaller in size that eukaryotes
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5
Q

What are the characteristics of Eukaryotes? (4)

A
  • Protists,fungi, animals and plants
  • DNA is in the nucleus
  • contain membrane bound organelles
    Ex. Mitochondria, ER, GOLGI
  • domain Eukarya
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6
Q

What are organelles?

A
  • membrane bound structures in Eukaryotes
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7
Q

What are the two classifications of organelles? (2)

A
  • Endomembrane and energy

- endomembrane means membranous organelles inside cell

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8
Q

What are the 6 endomembrane organelles?

A
  1. Nuclear envelope
  2. Endoplasmic reticulum
  3. Golgi complex
  4. Lysosomes
  5. Vesicles/vacuoles
  6. Plasma membranes
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9
Q

What are the 2 energy organelles?

A
  1. Mitochondria (all eukaryotes pl, an, protist, fungi)

2. Chloroplasts (plants and protists)

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10
Q

What does compartmentalization allow for in organelles? (3)

A
  • allows for different metabolic reactions to occur in different locations
  • increase surface area for reactions to occur
  • prevents interfering reactions from occurring in the same location
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11
Q

What are unique cell components in animals? (3)

A
  • lysosomes
  • centrosomes
  • flagella
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12
Q

What are unique cell components of plants? (4)

A
  • chloroplasts
  • Central vacuole
  • cell wall
  • plasmodesmata
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13
Q

What is plasmodesmata in plants?

A
  • membrane-lined passageways that allow materials to pass from cell to plant cell
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14
Q

What does the nucleus contain? (4)

A
  • chromosomes (genetic info)
  • enclosed by the nuclear envelope that is double membraned
  • has pores that regulate entry and exit of materials from the cell
  • contains a nucleolus
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15
Q

What is a nucleolus?

A
  • dense region of the nucleus where ribosomal RNA or rRNA is synthesized
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16
Q

Ribosomal RNA is synthesized in the nucleolus of a nucleus. What happens after that? (5)

A
  • rRNA is combined with proteins to form large and small subunits of ribosomes
    HOW?
  • subunits exit via nuclear pores
  • assemble into ribosomes
  • ribosomes translates messages found on mRNA into the primary structure of polypeptides
    Ribosomes are dissociated when they are not translating mRNA
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17
Q

What are ribosomes comprised of, (2) and what are their function?

A
  • ribosomal RNA and protein

- synthesizes proteins

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18
Q

What are the two classifications of ribosomes, and where can they be found? (2)

A
  • free in cytosol

- bound to ER or nuclear envelope

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19
Q

What are free ribosomes? (1)

A
  • proteins that are produced in cytosol that generally function only within cytosol (ie. enzymes)
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20
Q

What are bound ribosomes? (3)

A
  • bound to ER or nuclear envelope
  • proteins produced there can be secreted from the cell via transport vesicles
  • ex. Insulin
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21
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • a network of membranous sacs and tubes
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22
Q

What is the function of ER? (2)

A
  • synthesize membranes

- compartmentalize the cell to keep proteins formed in the rough ER separate from those of free ribosomes

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23
Q

What is the rough ER? like what does in have and structure

A
  • contains ribosomes

- bound to ER membrane

24
Q

What is the smooth ER and what does it do? (5)

A
  • no ribosomes
  • synthesize lipids
  • metabolizes carbs
  • detoxifies cell
  • stores calcium ions
25
Q

What is protein production order? (5)

A

DNA, RNA, RIBOSOME, R ER, GOLGI

26
Q

What does the Golgi complex contain? (2)

A
  • contains cisternae

- has directionality

27
Q

What are cisternae and what do they do? (3)

A
  • flattened membranous sacs
  • separate sacs from the cytosol
  • each cisternae is not connected
28
Q

What is meant by the Golgi complex had directionality?

A

Cis and trans face

29
Q

What does the cis face of the Golgi complex do?

A
  • receives vesicles from the ER
30
Q

What does the trans face of the golgi complex do?

A
  • sends vesicles back out into cytosol to other locations, or to the plasma membrane for secretion
31
Q

Why are the functions of the Golgi complex? (5)

A
  • receives transport vesicles (made of phospholipids) with materials from the ER
  • modifies the materials to ensure newly folded proteins are folded correctly or modified correctly
  • sorts the materials
  • adds molecular tags
  • packages materials into new transport vesicles that exit the membrane via exocytosis (type of active transport needs ATP)
32
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Membranous sac with hydrolytic enzymes

33
Q

What is the function of lysosomes? (2)

A
  • hydrolysis macromolecules In animal cells

AUTOPHAGY

34
Q

What is autophagy? (2)

A
  • lysosomes can recycle their own cell’s organic materials

- allows cell to renew itself

35
Q

What are peroxisomes? (2)

A
  • similar to lysosomes

- membrane bound metabolic compartment

36
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes? (2)

A
  • catalyze reactions that produce H2O2

- enzymes in peroxisomes then break down H2O2 into water

37
Q

What are vacuoles? (2)

A
  • Large vesicles that stem from the ER and Golgi

- selective in transport

38
Q

What are the three types of vacuoles?

A

Food, contractile, central vacuoles

39
Q

What is a food vacuole?

A
  • form via phagocytosis (active transport cell eating endocytosis type) and then digested by lysosomes
40
Q

What is a contractile vacuole? (2)

A
  • maintain water level in cells

- maintain osmotic pressure therefore preventing lysis

41
Q

What is the central vacuole? (3)

A
  • found in plants
  • contains inorganic ions and water
  • important for turgor pressure (strength and support)
42
Q

What does the endosymbiont theory explain and provide insight on? (2)

A
  • explains the similarities mitochondria and chloroplasts have to a prokaryote
  • provide insight into the evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes
43
Q

What does the endosymbiont theory state? (3)

A
  • states that an early prokaryote cell engulfed a prokaryotic cell
  • then the prokaryotic cell became an endosymbiont (cell that lives in another cell)
  • became a functional organism
44
Q

What is the evidence to the endosymbiont theory? (4)

A
  • double membrane
  • ribosomes
  • circular DNA
  • capable of functioning on their own
45
Q

What is the mitochondria responsible for?

A
  • site of cellular respiration
46
Q

What is the structure of the double membrane of the mitochondria? (3)

A
  • outer membrane is smooth
  • inner membrane has folds and cristae, which is the site of ATP production
    — divide the mitochondria into two internal compartments and increases surface area
47
Q

What is the intermembrane of the mitochondria?

A
  • space between inner and outer membrane
48
Q

What is the mitochondrial matrix of the mitochondria? (2)

A
  • enclose by inner membrane

- location for the Krebs cycle

49
Q

What does the mitochondrial matrix contain? (3)

A
  • enzymes that catalyze cellular respiration and produce ATP
  • mitochondria DNA
  • ribosomes
50
Q

What does the number of mitochondria in a cell correlate with? (2)

A
  • Metabolic activity
  • cells with high metabolic activity have more mitochondria
    Ex. Cells that move/contract
51
Q

What are chloroplasts? (3)

A
  • Specialized organelles in photosynthetic organisms (plants, algae (protist))
  • site of photosynthesis
  • contains the green pigment chlorophyll
52
Q

What is inside the double membrane of chloroplasts? (2)

A

Thylakoids and stroma

53
Q

What are thylakoids in the double membrane of chloroplasts? (3)

A
  • Membranous sacs that can organize into stacks called grana
  • grams has a similar function to cristae
  • site of light dependent reactions occur in grana
54
Q

What is the stroma inside the double membrane of chloroplasts? (3)

A
  • fluid around thylakoids
  • location for the Calvin cycle
  • contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes
55
Q

How does the smooth ER help mostly the liver?

A
  • detoxifies drugs and poisons
56
Q

What determines smooth ER function?

A

Cell type

BIOE4S (96 decks)

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