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0. Foundations of Medicine > Life at the Cellular Level 2 > Flashcards

Life at the Cellular Level 2 Flashcards

1
Q

<p>What are the 10 elements that are normally found in structural parts of organisms?</p>

A

<p>H, C, N, O, Na, P, S, Cl, K and Ca</p>

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2
Q

<p>How many trace elements are needed in small amounts?</p>

A

<p>12</p>

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3
Q

<p>What are 99% of our cells composed of?</p>

A

<p>H, N, C and O</p>

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4
Q

<p>What are H, N, C and O found in 99% of our cells?</p>

A

<p>Because they are the lightest atoms which can form the strongest bonds (H forms 1, O forms 2, N forms 3 and C forms 4)</p>

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5
Q

<p>Why does carbon form the bases of all biomolecules?</p>

A

<p>Because it is so versitle, being able to form 4 bonds</p>

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6
Q

<p>What defines a molecules function?</p>

A

<p>Its functional group</p>

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7
Q

<p>What are some functional groups?</p>

A

<p>Hydroxyl (polar, hydrogen bonds, linkage by dehydration)</p>

<p>Aldehyde (C=O very reactive)</p>

<p>Keto (C=O very reactive)</p>

<p>Carboxyl (hydrogen bonding, polar)</p>

<p>Amide (hydrogen bonds)</p>

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8
Q

What does the hydroxyl functional group look like?

A
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9
Q

What does the aldehyde functional group look like?

A
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10
Q

What does the keto functional group look like?

A
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11
Q

What does the carboxyl functional group look like?

A
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12
Q

What does the amide functional group look like?

A
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13
Q

<p>Why is the polarity of carbon critical to function?</p>

A

<p>C-C and C-H are relatively stable or share e-evenly</p>

<p>C-O or C-N o C-functional group are highly polar which allows carbons bond reactivity</p>

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14
Q

<p>Does funcition also depend on how groups are arranged in a molecule?</p>

A

<p>Yes</p>

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15
Q

<p>What is configuration?</p>

A

<p>The final arrangement of atoms in a molecule</p>

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16
Q

<p>Why is C=C a rigid conformation?</p>

A

<p>Because cannot move freely around a double bond so can only have two distinct configurations</p>

<p>trans</p>

<p>cis</p>

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17
Q

<p>How do you convert between trans and cis configurations?</p>

A

<p>By breaking and reforming the bonds</p>

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18
Q

<p>C an be a chiral centre, what are the two forms?</p>

A

<p>Laevo (left handed)</p>

<p>Dextro (right handed)</p>

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19
Q

<p>Is the difference between laevo and dextro important?</p>

A

<p>Yes, all proteins are made from L-amino acids</p>

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20
Q

<p>What is conformation?</p>

A

<p>The precise arrangement of atoms in a molecule</p>

21
Q

<p>What is a property of bonds that can rotate freely?</p>

A

<p>They can form many different conformations without breaking and reforming bonds</p>

22
Q

<p>What dictates how freely bonds can rotate?</p>

A

<p>Interaction of groups, certain conformations are favoured</p>

23
Q

<p>What are the five chemical reactions of life?</p>

A

<p>Redox reactions</p>

<p>Making and breaking C-C bonds</p>

<p>Internal rearrangement</p>

<p>Group transfers</p>

<p>Condensation and hydrolysis reactions</p>

24
Q

<p>What are redox reactions?</p>

A

<p>Redox reactions involve oxidation (loss of electrons) or reduction (gain of electrons)</p>

25
Q

<p>Is every reduction accompanied by oxidation and vice versa?</p>

A

<p>Yes</p>

26
Q

<p>What is condensation?</p>

A

<p>Addition reaction that produces water</p>

27
Q

<p>What is hydrolysis?</p>

A

<p>Reaction involving breaking a bond in a molecule using water</p>

28
Q

<p>What are proteins?</p>

A

<p>Polymers of amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds</p>

29
Q

<p>What is a monomer?</p>

A

<p>A molecule that is able to bond in a long chain</p>

30
Q

<p>What is a polymer?</p>

A

<p>A substance whose molecular structure is built up from a large number of similar units bonded together</p>

31
Q

<p>What are nucleic acids?</p>

A

<p>Polymers of nuceotide monomers linked 3', 5'-phosphodiester bonds</p>

32
Q

What does a diagram of a nucleotide look like?

A
33
Q

<p>What are the two kinds of bases in nucleic acids?</p>

A

<p>Pyrimidines (flat single rings such as cytosine, thymine and uracil)</p>

<p>Purines (flat double ring such as adenine and guanine)</p>

34
Q

What does a diagram showing the conversion of a base to a nucleotide look like?

A
35
Q

<p>What does the flat planer structure of bases allow DNA to do?</p>

A

<p>Form the double helix</p>

36
Q

<p>What is the reason behind base pairing?</p>

A

<p>A and T can form two bonds</p>

<p>G and C can form three bonds</p>

37
Q

<p>How is RNA different form DNA</p>

A

<p>Single stranded</p>

<p>Ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose</p>

<p>Uracil (U) base replaces thymine (T)</p>

38
Q

<p>How do double stranded segments of RNA form?</p>

A

<p>Sequences of RNA nucleotide pair with one another</p>

39
Q

<p>What are polyaccharides?</p>

A

<p>Polymers of sugar monomers linked by glucosidic bonds</p>

40
Q

<p>What are examples of polysaccharides?</p>

A

<p>Starch and glycogen</p>

41
Q

<p>Why is D-glucose terms a reducing sugar?</p>

A

<p>Linear form containing an aldehyde can be oxidised</p>

42
Q

<p>What are properties of glycose polymers?</p>

A

<p>Formed from condensation reaction between glucose monomers</p>

<p>Monomers are in cyclic form except the end monomer which is linear and known as a reducing end</p>

43
Q

<p>What are lipids?</p>

A

<p>Molecules that contain hydrocarbons and is souble in nonpolar solvents</p>

44
Q

What do saturated and unsaturated lipids look like?

A
45
Q

<p>What do more double carbon bonds do to a lipid?</p>

A

<p>Molecule becomes less linear and more bent</p>

46
Q

<p>What are some classes of lipids?</p>

A

<p>Triacylglycerides</p>

<p>Phopholipids</p>

47
Q

<p>What are properties of triacylglyderides?</p>

A

<p>Act as storage lipids, releasing a lot of energy when broken down</p>

<p>Non polar</p>

<p>Three fatty acid chains linked to glycerol</p>

48
Q

<p>What are properties of phospholipids?</p>

A

<p>Have a hydrophilic head group attracted to glycerol, making them polar</p>

<p>Tail composed of two hydrophobic fatty acid chains</p>

0. Foundations of Medicine (167 decks)

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