Essential Pharmacology 1

Question 1

<p>What is a receptor?</p>

Answer 1

<p>Responds to stimuli and generates a response</p>

Question 2

<p>How does the same receptor compare in different cells?</p>

Answer 2

<p>The same receptor may produce different responses in different cells</p>

Question 3

<p>How do receptor sub types compare in the same cell?</p>

Answer 3

<p>May provide different responses</p>

Question 4

<p>How to receptors allow specificity?</p>

Answer 4

<p>By only binding to certain substrate</p>

Question 5

<p>What things could a receptor alter as part of the response?</p>

Answer 5

<p>Membrane permeability</p>

<p>Metabolism</p>

<p>Secretory activity</p>

<p>Rate of proliferation or differentiation</p>

<p>Contractile activity</p>

Question 6

<p>What is the process of a receptor binding to a substrate and producing a response known as?</p>

Answer 6

<p>Signal transduction, or cell signalling</p>

Question 7

<p>What is signal transduction (cell signalling)?</p>

Answer 7

<p>Transmission of a molecular signal from a cells exterior to its interior</p>

Question 8

<p>What are the 3 main examples of receptors?</p>

Answer 8

<p>Intercellular receptor</p>

<p>Plasma membrane receptor</p>

<p>G protein coupled receptor</p>

Question 9

<p>What must lipids that bind to intracellular receptors be and why?</p>

Answer 9

<p>Lipophillic as they need to pass through the cell membrane</p>

Question 10

<p>What are two common intracellular receptor substances?</p>

Answer 10

<p>Steroid hormones</p>

<p>Nitric acid</p>

Question 11

<p>What happens when steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors?</p>

Answer 11

<p>Binds to receptor</p>

<p>Often transcription factor, altering rate</p>

Question 12

<p>What does nitric acid do when it binds to an intracellular receptor?</p>

Answer 12

<p>Binds to soluble guonylyl cyclose</p>

<p>Generates cGMP as a second messenger which regulates cell activity</p>

Question 13

<p>What kind of receptor do molecules that cannot penetrate the cell membrane need to combine to?</p>

Answer 13

<p>Plasma membrane receptors</p>

Question 14

<p>What are the 4 types of plasma membrane receptors?</p>

Answer 14

<p>Ionotopic receptor (also acts as an ion channel)</p>

<p>Receptors that function as an enzyme</p>

<p>Receptors that directly alter enzyme activity, which is another protein</p>

<p>G protein coupled receptors</p>

Question 15

<p>How many transmembrane spanning segments do G proteins have?</p>

Answer 15

<p>7</p>

Question 16

<p>What happens when a substrate binds to a G protein?</p>

Answer 16

<ol> <li>Part of it dissociates and interacts with other proteins (channel or enzyme)</li> <li>Causes the release of a second messenger within the cell</li></ol>

Question 17

<p>What kind of things can G proteins do?</p>

Answer 17

<p>Form active transport</p>

<p>Channels</p>

<p>Protein synthesis</p>

<p>Enzymes</p>

<p>Secretion</p>

Question 18

<p>What are some examples of proteins coupled to G proteins?</p>

Answer 18

<p>Adrenylyl cyclase</p>

<p>Phospholipase C</p>

<p>Ion channels</p>

Question 19

<p>What does adrenylyl cyclase do?</p>

Answer 19

<p>Regulates cAMP (second messenger)</p>

<p>Regulates PKA</p>

Question 20

<p>What does phopholipase C do?</p>

Answer 20

<p>Produces diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate</p>

<p>Activates PKC and releases Ca²⁺from internal stores</p>

Question 21

<p>What do ion channels attatched to G proteins do?</p>

Answer 21

<p>Evoke slow IPSPs or slow EPSPs</p>

Question 22

<p>What often acts as a second messenger?</p>

Answer 22

<p>Ca²⁺</p>

Question 23

<p>Where are some sources of Ca²⁺?</p>

Answer 23

<p>Internal sources via IP₃⁺or Ca²⁺stimulated releases from endoplasmic reticulum</p>

<p>Outside the cell by using voltage or ligand gated Ca²⁺channels</p>

<p>Inhibition of Ca²⁺transport out of the cell</p>

Question 24

<p>What are some effects of Ca²⁺?</p>

Answer 24

<p>Directly effects proteins (like PKC)</p>

<p>Binds to calmodulin which activates protein target</p>

<p>Works via some other Ca²⁺binding protein</p>

Question 25

<p>What is pharmacology?</p>

Answer 25

<p>Study of drug action</p>