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0. Foundations of Medicine > Therapeutic Options in Cancer > Flashcards

Therapeutic Options in Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

<p>What do therapeutic options for cancer involve?</p>

A

<p>Both prevention and treatment</p>

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2
Q

<p>What are prevention options for cancer?</p>

A

<p>Environment/behaviour changes</p>

<p>Diet</p>

<p>Screening</p>

<p>Genetics</p>

<p>Medication/vaccination</p>

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3
Q

<p>What are treatment options for cancer?</p>

A

<p>Surgery</p>

<p>Radiotherapy</p>

<p>Systematic therapy</p>

<p>Immunotherapy</p>

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4
Q

<p>What is immunotherapy?</p>

A

<p>Type of cancer treatment that boosts the body's natural defences to fight cancer</p>

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5
Q

<p>What does evidence suggest colorectal cancer is increased with the consumption off?</p>

A

<p>Red meat</p>

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6
Q

<p>What does evidence suggest breast cancer is increased with the consumption of?</p>

A

<p>Saturated fat</p>

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7
Q

<p>What is the current advice for diet?</p>

A

<p>Eat 5 or more portions of fruit and vegetables per day</p>

<p>Avoid obesity</p>

<p>Regular exercise (30 mins a day)</p>

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8
Q

<p>What are the 2 classes of screening, in terms of societies optionions?</p>

A

<p>High quality research evidence</p>

<p>More controversial</p>

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9
Q

<p>What are examples of high quality research evidence screening?</p>

A

<p>Cervical cancer (smear test)</p>

<p>Colorectal cancer (blood in faeces)</p>

<p>Breast cancer (mammography)</p>

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10
Q

<p>What are examples of controversial screening?</p>

A

<p>Prostate cancer (PSA blood test)</p>

<p>Lung cancer (MR/CT screening)</p>

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11
Q

<p>What are examples of hereditary genes that increase cancer risk?</p>

A

<p>FAP increase colorectal cancer</p>

<p>BRCA1 and BRCA2 increasing breast cancer</p>

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12
Q

<p>What is a very controversial form of prevention?</p>

A

<p>Chemo-prevention</p>

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13
Q

<p>What is chemoprevention useful for?</p>

A

<p>Primary such as oesphagael cancer and breast cancer</p>

<p>Secondary such as head and neck or lung cancer</p>

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14
Q

<p>What is a common kind of chemo-prevention that is not believed to be of much use?</p>

A

<p>Anti-oxidants</p>

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15
Q

<p>What kind of cancer is heavily linked with lung cancer, meaning if you have one you are likely to have the other?</p>

A

<p>Head and neck cancer</p>

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16
Q

<p>What are the 2 general kinds of treatment?</p>

A

<p>Local or regional</p>

<p>Systematic</p>

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17
Q

<p>What are examples of local or regional treatments?</p>

A

<p>Surgery</p>

<p>Radiotherapy</p>

<p>Ablation (radiowaves or freezing)</p>

<p>Isolated limb perfusion (chemotherapy directly to the limb)</p>

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18
Q

<p>What is ablation?</p>

A

<p>Radio waves or freezing</p>

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19
Q

<p>What is isolated limb perfusion?</p>

A

<p>Chemotherapy directly to the limb</p>

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20
Q

<p>What are kinds of systematic treatments?</p>

A

<p>Hormonal therapy</p>

<p>Chemotherapy</p>

<p>Immunotherapy</p>

<p>Whole body irradiation</p>

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21
Q

<p>What can staging tell us?</p>

A

<p>Where is the cancer</p>

<p>What kind of cancer</p>

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22
Q

<p>What is used to tell us where a cancer is?</p>

A

<p>Examination</p>

<p>Imaging</p>

23
Q

<p>What is used to tell us the kind of cancer?</p>

A

<p>Pathology</p>

24
Q

<p>What does surgery need?</p>

A

<p>Anatomical clearance (complete removal of the tumour)</p>

25
Q

<p>What is anatomical clearance?</p>

A

<p>Complete removal of the tumour</p>

26
Q

<p>What can radiotherapy do?</p>

A

<p>Treat inoperable lesions</p>

<p>Make surgery more possible</p>

<p>Maintain function or appearance</p>

27
Q

<p>What does radiotherapy need, just like surgery?</p>

A

<p>Complete anatomical coverage</p>

28
Q

<p>What are the 5 R's of radiobiology?</p>

A

<p>Radio sensitivity (some tumours are not sensitive to treatment)</p>

<p>Repair (no breaks does not allow the tumour to grow so improves survival)</p>

<p>Re-population</p>

<p>Re-oxygenation (oxygen makes cells more sensitive to treatment)</p>

<p>Re-assortment (tumours are least sensitive during the DNA replication stage of the cell cycle</p>

29
Q

<p>When are tumours least sensitive to radiotherapy?</p>

A

<p>During the DNA replication stage of the cell cycle</p>

30
Q

<p>Why is re-oxygenation important for radiotherapy?</p>

A

<p>Oxygen makes cells more sensitive to treatment</p>

31
Q

<p>What is pallation?</p>

A

<p>Care that makes you feel better even though it can't sure you, used for terminally ill patients</p>

32
Q

<p>What is radiotherapy used for in pallation?</p>

A

<p>Pain</p>

<p>Bleeding</p>

<p>Swollen limbs</p>

33
Q

<p>What is systematic treatment used for?</p>

A

<p>Widespread disease</p>

34
Q

<p>What is a possible side effect of systematic treatment?</p>

A

<p>Widespread toxicity, the dose required to get the desired effect (kill the tumour) has unavoidable side effects due to being high</p>

35
Q

<p>What does hormone treatment have the potential to be?</p>

A

<p>Very specific</p>

36
Q

<p>What does cytotoxic mean?</p>

A

<p>Toxic to living cells</p>

37
Q

<p>What are cytotoxic drugs used for?</p>

A

<p>Curative</p>

<p>Pallative</p>

<p>Adjuvant (has surgery but at risk of reoccurence)</p>

<p>Neoadjuvant (treatment before surgery to shrink the tumour)</p>

38
Q

<p>What is adjuvant in terms of the use of cytotoxic drugs?</p>

A

<p>Has surgery but is at risk or reoccurance</p>

39
Q

<p>What is neoadjuvant in terms of the use of cytotoxic drugs?</p>

A

<p>Treatment before surgery to shrink the tumour</p>

40
Q

<p>What are specific therapies based on?</p>

A

<p>Molecular science</p>

41
Q

<p>What do specific therapies target?</p>

A

<p>Intracellular growth control points</p>

42
Q

<p>What is an example of a specific therapy we can create?</p>

A

<p>Artificial antibodies that cannot exist in nature, such as ones that are bifunctional and can bring cells together</p>

43
Q

<p>What are examples of immune therapies?</p>

A

<p>Nonspecific/innate</p>

<p>Specific</p>

<p>Monoclonal antibodies</p>

<p>Programmed cell death pathway (PD-1)</p>

<p>Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cells</p>

44
Q

<p>What do programmed cell death pathways (PD-1) use?</p>

A

<p>Immune cells to attack cancer cells</p>

45
Q

<p>What is chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells?</p>

A

<p>Artifical T cell receptors to give a specific cell killing function directly againt cancer cells (stops cancer cells hiding from the immune system)</p>

46
Q

<p>What stops cancer cells hiding from the immune system?</p>

A

<p>Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells</p>

47
Q

<p>What does immunotherapy need to be?</p>

A

<p>Precise as the immune cells will keep diving and will always be present, and the wrong receptor is used they will attack healthy tissue</p>

48
Q

<p>What will happen if the wrong receptor is used in immunotherapy?</p>

A

<p>The immune cells could attack healthy tissue</p>

49
Q

<p>How can cancer cells hide from the immune system?</p>

A

<p>Due to being self cells (antigen binds to self-cell receptor on T cell)</p>

50
Q

<p>How do CAR T cells prevent cancer from binding to self-receptors and hiding from the immune system?</p>

A

<p>Bind to cancer cells antigen with the forign receptor and destroy them</p>

51
Q

<p>What does CAR T cells being successful depend on?</p>

A

<p>Mutation burden of cancer</p>

<p>Immunogenicity of neoantigens</p>

52
Q

<p>What is clinical research important for?</p>

A

<p>Determining what treatments are effective for who and making them even better</p>

53
Q

<p>Why don't all people with the same condition respond to the same treatment?</p>

A

<p>Due to unique factors such as genetics and what bacteria normally live in your gut</p>

0. Foundations of Medicine (167 decks)

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