Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

0. Foundations of Medicine > Storing and Using Genetic Information > Flashcards

Storing and Using Genetic Information Flashcards

1
Q

<p>What is a phenotype?</p>

A

<p>Physical manifestation of genotype</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

<p>What is a genotype?</p>

A

<p>All of the genes in our DNA, even the ones that are not expressed</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

<p>Why are proteins functionally different?</p>

A

<p>Due to their different structures</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

<p>What does the structure of a protein depend on?</p>

A

<p>The primary structure (sequence of amino acids)</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

<p>What is DNA?</p>

A

<p>A chain of nucleotide monomers that contains all of our genetic information</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

<p>What does each nucleotide contain?</p>

A

<p>Sugar</p>

<p>Base</p>

<p>Phosphate group</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

<p>What structure does DNA form?</p>

A

<p>Double helix</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

<p>How many bases is there per turn of the helix?</p>

A

<p>10</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

<p>How do polypeptide chains of DNA run to each other?</p>

A

<p>Antiparralel to one another</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

<p>How are the groves in DNA described?</p>

A

<p>Major and minor groves which is important for the interaction of proteins</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

<p>What is the pairing of bases called?</p>

A

<p>Compliment base pairing</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

<p>What bases pair with what in DNA?</p>

A

<p>Thymine paires with adenine</p>

<p>Guanine pairs with cytosine</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

<p>What does compliment base pairing happen?</p>

A

<p>Due to the structures of the bases:</p>

<p>Thymine pairs with ademine due to both forming 2 hydrogen bonds</p>

<p>Guanine pairs with cytosine due to both forming 3 hydrogen bonds</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

<p>What bases form 3 hydrogen bonds with each other?</p>

A

<p>Cytosine and guanine</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

<p>What bases form 2 hydrogen bonds with each other?</p>

A

<p>Thymine and adenine</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

<p>What is the site of a cells genetic information (DNA)?</p>

A

<p>Nucleus</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

<p>Where does the first step of protein production take place and what is this?</p>

A

<p>DNA replicaiton which takes place in the nucleus</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

<p>What does each nucleus contain?</p>

A

<p>A nucleolus which can take up to 25% of its volume and is where transciption and assemble of rRNA takes place</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

<p>Where does transcription and assemble of rRNA take place?</p>

A

<p>Nucleolus</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

<p>What is DNA packaged into?</p>

A

<p>Thread like structures called chromosomes</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

<p>When are chromosomes visible?</p>

A

<p>During cell division</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

<p>What is a chromosome?</p>

A

<p>Single piece of DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

<p>How many chromosomes does a human have?</p>

A

<p>46</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

<p>What can the structure of chromosomes be described as?</p>

A

<p>Highly ordered to contain vast amounts of DNA</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

<p>What is the process of packaging chromosomes?</p>

A

<p>1) Chromatin is the double stranded helical structure of DNA</p>

<p>2) DNA is packed with histones to form nucleosomes, with each consiting of 8 histones</p>

<p>3) Binded with H1 histone to form chromatosome</p>

<p>4) Folded up and tightly coiled to produce fibre called chromatid of the chromosome</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

<p>What is chromatin?</p>

A

<p>Mixture of DNA, proteins and RNA thay packages DNA within the nucleus</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

<p>What are the 2 forms of chromatin?</p>

A

<p>Heterochromatin (condensed)</p>

<p>Euchromatin (extended)</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

<p>What must the chromatin do for transcription and replication to occur?</p>

A

<p>Open up to allow enzymes to access the DNA template</p>

29
Q

<p>What are the 2 mechanisms for opening up chromatin to allow replication or transcription to occur?</p>

A

<p>Histones can be enzymatically modified</p>

<p>Histones can be displaced by chromatin remodelling complexes</p>

30
Q

<p>What should be noted about both processes of opening up chromatin?</p>

A

<p>They are reversible</p>

31
Q

<p>What does it mean that DNA replication is semi conservative?</p>

A

<p>Half of each new molecule is old DNA and half is new DNA</p>

32
Q

<p>What does it mean that DNA replication is bi-directional?</p>

A

<p>DNA polymerase is onlty able to add new nucleotides onto the 3' end of the growing strand (replication occurs in the 5' to 3' direction)</p>

33
Q

<p>In what direction does DNA replication occur?</p>

A

<p>In the 5' to 3' direction</p>

34
Q

<p>What fragments are formed on the lagging strand and how are they koint together?</p>

A

<p>Okazaki fragments which are joined together by DNA ligase</p>

35
Q

<p>What are the 2 stages of cellular division?</p>

A

<p>Prometaphase</p>

<p>Metaphase</p>

36
Q

<p>When are chromosomes most compacted?</p>

A

<p>During metaphase where the chromatin fibres are folded into multiple loops and coils (1000 times more compact than other stages)</p>

37
Q

<p>What percentage of bases in people are the same?</p>

A

<p>99.9%</p>

38
Q

<p>Roughly how many genes are there in the genome?</p>

A

<p>22000</p>

39
Q

<p>What percentage of the genome codes for proteins?</p>

A

<p><2%</p>

40
Q

<p>What are exons?</p>

A

<p>Coding region</p>

41
Q

<p>What are introns?</p>

A

<p>Non-coding regions</p>

42
Q

<p>What is a codon?</p>

A

<p>Set of 3 bases</p>

43
Q

<p>What does each codon specify?</p>

A

<p>A particular amino acid</p>

44
Q

<p>How many different codons and amino acids are there (found in proteins)?</p>

A

<p>64 codons</p>

<p>20 amino acids</p>

45
Q

<p>What occurs due to there being 64 codons but only 20 amino acids?</p>

A

<p>Degeneracy</p>

46
Q

<p>What is degeneracy?</p>

A

<p>More than one codon codes for the same amino acid</p>

47
Q

<p>What are codons that code for the same amino acid refered to as?</p>

A

<p>Synonyms which tend to be very similar</p>

48
Q

<p>Where do variations of synonyms tend to occur?</p>

A

<p>The third base</p>

49
Q

<p>What does degeneracy minimise?</p>

A

<p>The effect of genetic mutations as the change is less likely to change which protein is coded</p>

50
Q

<p>What do all polypeptides begin with?</p>

A

<p>Methionine (initiation codon)</p>

51
Q

<p>What is methionine?</p>

A

<p>Initiation codon</p>

52
Q

<p>What often happens to methionine (initaiton codon)?</p>

A

<p>Removed at a later stage</p>

53
Q

<p>What can single point mutations cause?</p>

A

<p>A dysfunctional protein</p>

54
Q

<p>What is an example of a single point mutation causing a dysfunctional protein?</p>

A

<p>Mutated haemoglobin gene causing sickle cell anaemia</p>

55
Q

<p>What is the major role of RNA?</p>

A

<p>To participate in protein synthesis</p>

56
Q

<p>What are the 3 kinds of RNA?</p>

A

<p>Messanger RNA (mRNA)</p>

<p>Transfer RNA (tRNA)</p>

<p>Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)</p>

57
Q

<p>What is mRNA?</p>

A

<p>Transcribed from DNA and carries genetic information for protein synthesis</p>

58
Q

<p>How can the same gene produce many different proteins?</p>

A

<p>Due to splicing which occurs after the synthesis of mRNA</p>

59
Q

<p>What is alternative splicing?</p>

A

<p>Process where exons of the RNA prdouced by transcription of a gene (primary gene transcript) are reconnected in multiple ways during RNA splicing</p>

60
Q

<p>What is the RNA strand before splicing occurs called?</p>

A

<p>Primary gene transcript</p>

61
Q

<p>What determines the reading frame of the RNA sequence?</p>

A

<p>Initiation codon</p>

62
Q

<p>What is the space between the start and stop codon called?</p>

A

<p>Open reading frame</p>

63
Q

<p>Where does transcription, alternative splicing, protein synthesis and post translational modifications take place?</p>

A

<p>Transcription in the nucleolus</p>

<p>Alternative splicing in the nucleus</p>

<p>Protein synthesis in the ribosome</p>

<p>Post translational modifications in the endoplasmic reticulum</p>

64
Q

<p>What is tRNA?</p>

A

<p>Major role is to translate mRNA sequence into amino acid sequence</p>

65
Q

<p>What are the complimentary 3 bases on tRNA refered to as?</p>

A

<p>Anticodon</p>

66
Q

<p>What is rRNA?</p>

A

<p>Component of ribosomes, are produced in the nucleus and transported to the cytoplasm where they form a ribosome</p>

67
Q

<p>What is a polysome?</p>

A

<p>What is produced when several ribosomes can trasnlate mRNA at one time</p>

68
Q

<p>What base is present in mRNA instead of what?</p>

A

<p>Uracil is present instead of thymine</p>

0. Foundations of Medicine (167 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions