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Anatomy3651 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of the digestive system?

A

acquire nutrients and water

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2
Q

___ and ____ are absorbed through the stomach

A

alcohol, aspirin

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3
Q

___, __ ____, and ____ are absorbed through the small intestine

A

glucose, amino acids, fats

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4
Q

sodium, potassium, acids, bases, calcium, magnesium, iron, vitamin B12, and water are absorbed where?

A

large intenstine

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5
Q

nutrients are passed into ____ of the digestive system and transported to the _____

A

veins, liver

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6
Q

fats are absorbed in the __ ____ and then passed into the ____ _____

A

small intestine, lymphatic system

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7
Q

what do fats pass through from the small intestine to the lymphatic system?

A

lacteal duct

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8
Q

in the ends, fats eventually enter the __ _____

A

circulatory system

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9
Q

the ____ ____ is the storage site for feces

A

sigmoid colon

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10
Q

____ is taking food into the mouth

A

ingestion

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11
Q

____ is swallowing and peristalsis

A

propulsion

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12
Q

_____ is voluntary propulsion

A

swallowing

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13
Q

____ is involuntary movement of food

A

peristalsis

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14
Q

chemical digestion occurs in the ___, ____, and __ ____

A

mouth, stomach, small intestine

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15
Q

_____ is the transporting of nutrients, electrolytes, and water into the veins and fats into the lymphatic system

A

absorption

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16
Q

_____ is the elimination of indigestible substances

A

defecation

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17
Q

the intestine contains circular and longitudinal __ ____

A

smooth muscle

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18
Q

peristalsis utilizes the ___ ___ of the intestines to propel food through the lumen

A

smooth muscle

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19
Q

____ utilizes smooth muscle to mix rather than propel

A

segmentation

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20
Q

what is the histological organization of the entire length of the GI tract?

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, adventitia

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21
Q

what are the 3 components of mucosa?

A

true epithelia, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

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22
Q

arteries, veins, nerves, lymphatics, and mucus glands are housed in what layer of the histology of the GI tract?

A

submucosa

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23
Q

what is muscularis externa made of?

A

smooth muscle

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24
Q

what are the 2 layers of the muscularis externa?

A

inner circular, outer longitudinal

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25
Q

the ___ ___ ____ signals submucosal glands to secrete and muscularis mucosae to contract

A

submucosal nerve plexus

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26
Q

where is myenteric located?

A

between circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis externa

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27
Q

____ controls peristalsis and segmentation

A

myenteric

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28
Q

what are the 4 categories of mucus membrane?

A

protective, secretory, absorptive nutrients, absorptive water and electrolytes

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29
Q

what type of cell is the protective mucus membrane?

A

stratified squamous

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30
Q

where is protective stratified squamous mucus membrane found?

A

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, anus

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31
Q

what type of cell is the secretory mucus membrane?

A

simple columnar

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32
Q

what is simple columnar secretory mucus membrane found?

A

stomach as mucus secreting and mucus neck cells

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33
Q

what type of cell is nutrient absorptive mucus membrane?

A

simple columnar

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34
Q

where is absorptive simple columnar mucus membrane found?

A

small intestine

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35
Q

what type of cell is water and electrolyte absorptive mucus membrane?

A

simple columnar

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36
Q

where is water and electrolyte simple columnar mucus membrane found?

A

large intestine

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37
Q

the ___ _____ is the line between the tooth and gums

A

alveolar ridge

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38
Q

the ____ is the space between the lip and alveolar ridge

A

vestibule

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39
Q

___ _____ is the fold of the lip to the gum

A

labial frenulum

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40
Q

_____ _____ is the fold off the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity

A

lingual frenulum

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41
Q

salivary glands open into the oral cavity ___ ___ _____ and ___ ___ ____

A

under the tongue, through the cheek

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42
Q

what is the roof of the oral cavity made up of?

A

soft and hard palates

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43
Q

the ____ dangles down from the soft palate

A

uvula

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44
Q

what muscle forms the lips?

A

orbicularis oris

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45
Q

what muscle forms the cheeks?

A

buccinator

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46
Q

what are the lateral arches of the soft palate?

A

palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches

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47
Q

the palatoglossal arch extends from ___ to ____

A

palate, tongue

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48
Q

the palatopharyngeal arch extends from ___ to ____

A

palate, pharynx

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49
Q

what is located between the two lateral arches of the sold palate?

A

palatine tonsil

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50
Q

the tongue is covered with _____

A

papillae

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51
Q

what are the 3 filiform on the tongue?

A

filiform papilla, fungiform, circumvallate

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52
Q

____ ____ of the tongue resemble pointed cones, are the most numerous, and have no tastebuds

A

filiform papilla

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53
Q

____ of the tongue resemble mushrooms and possess tastebuds

A

fungiform

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54
Q

_____ of the tongue resembles a circular wall and possess tastebuds

A

circumvallate

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55
Q

____ _____ separates the circumvallate papilla and lingual tonsil

A

sulcus terminalis

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56
Q

____ is the opening between the oral cavity and the oropharynx

A

fauces

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57
Q

palatoglossal arch, uvula, and sulcus terminalis are the borders of what opening?

A

fauces

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58
Q

___ ___ is the ring of protective tonsils in the oropharynx

A

tonsilar ring

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59
Q

what is the tonsilar ring composed of?

A

palatine and lingual tonsils

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60
Q

___ ____ produce and deposit saliva into the oral cavity

A

salivary glands

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61
Q

the serous cells of the parotid gland secrete ____ and ____

A

amylase, lysozymes

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62
Q

what does amylase digest?

A

carbohydrates

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63
Q

the parotid duct passes through what muscle?

A

buccinator

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64
Q

the sublingual gland’s cells secrete _____

A

mucus

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65
Q

the parotid gland secretes ____

A

serous

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66
Q

the submandibular gland secretes what?

A

serous and mucus

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67
Q

how many teeth are there?

A

32

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68
Q

there are 2 _____ for cutting food in the mouth

A

incisors

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69
Q

there is 1 ____ for shearing and tearing

A

cuspid/canine

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70
Q

there are 2 ______ that precede molars

A

bicuspid/premolars

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71
Q

there are 3 ____ to mill or grind

A

molars

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72
Q

the _____ carries bolus from oral cavity to stomach

A

esophagus

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73
Q

what type of cell is found in the esophagus?

A

stratified squamous (protection)

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74
Q

___ ____ transitions from skeletal to smooth in the esophagus

A

muscularis externa

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75
Q

as the bolus passes through the glands, ____ is secreted for lubrication

A

mucus

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76
Q

into the diaphragm, the esophagus passes through the ___ ____

A

esophageal hiatus

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77
Q

muscles fibers of the diaphragm act as the primary sphincter muscles of the esophagus and are referred to as the ___ _____

A

cardiac sphincter

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78
Q

the stomach completes ____ and ____ digestion

A

chemical, mechanical

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79
Q

the ____ sphincter prevents food from leaving the stomach

A

pyloric

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80
Q

what are the 4 parts of the stomach in order?

A

cardiac, fundus, body, pyloris

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81
Q

what are the superior and inferior surfaces of the stomach called?

A

lesser (superior) and greater (inferior) curvatures

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82
Q

____ are the folds of the stomach that occur when the stomach shrinks and is empty

A

rugae

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83
Q

what are the 3 layers of the stomach’s muscularis externa (made of smooth muscle)?

A

innermost oblique, middle circular (thick), outer longitudinal

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84
Q

the pyloric sphincter is formed from what layer of the stomach’s muscularis externa?

A

middle circular

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85
Q

what type of cells line gastric pits?

A

simple columnar cells called mucus secreting cells

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86
Q

___ _____ cells secrete mucus and line of the gastric pit

A

mucus neck

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87
Q

where are stomach gastric glands located?

A

the gastric pits of the fundus and body

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88
Q

what is excreted by parietal cells of the stomach?

A

HCl for the hydrolysis of proteins

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89
Q

what PH does HCl make the stomach?

A

2

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90
Q

what is excreted by chief cells of the stomach?

A

pepsinogen

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91
Q

pepsinogen+HCl=

A

pepsin (protease)

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92
Q

what is pepsin used for in the stomach?

A

break down proteins

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93
Q

what is secreted by endocrine cells of the stomach?

A

hormone gastrin

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94
Q

when food enters the stomach, what hormone is produced?

A

gastrin

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95
Q

what is the role of gastrin in the stomach?

A

stimulate parietal cells to excrete HCl and chief cells to excrete pepsinogen

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96
Q

what regions of the stomach produce the two types of mucus?

A

all

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97
Q

what regions of the stomach have parietal and chief cells?

A

fundus and body

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98
Q

what is released by the endocrine cells of the stomach?

A

insulin, glucogon

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99
Q

what type of cells excrete HCl and pepsinogen in the stomach (exo or endo)?

A

exocrine

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100
Q

exocrine chemicals travels through a _____ to a _____

A

duct, lumen

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101
Q

endocrine hormones travel in the _____ to ___ _____

A

blood, other cells

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102
Q

what is absorbed by the small intenstine?

A

nutrients (glucose, vitamins, fats)

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103
Q

what are the 3 parts of the small intestine in order?

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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104
Q

the duodenum begins after the ___ sphincter

A

pyloric

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105
Q

the ilium ends at the ____-_____ valve

A

ilio-cecal

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106
Q

what histology of cells are good for nutrient absorption?

A

simple columnar

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107
Q

_____ are macroscopic finger-like projections of the mucosa in the small intestine

A

villi

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108
Q

______ are microscopic folds on the apical surface of cells of the small intestine

A

microvilli

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109
Q

___ __ ______ are located in between adjacent villi of the small intestine

A

crypts of lieberkuen

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110
Q

___ cells are located at the bases of the crypts of lieberkuen and secrete lysozymes

A

lysozymes

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111
Q

__ ____ are aggregated lymphoid nodules found in the small intestine that are MALT

A

peyer’s patches

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112
Q

___ ____ are specialized ducts of the lymphatic system to carry fats

A

lacteal vessels

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113
Q

___ cells transfer emulsified fats into lacteal ducts

A

absorptive

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114
Q

goblet cells secrete ____

A

mucus

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115
Q

what are the two layers of the muscularis externa in the small intestine?

A

inner circular, outer longitudinal

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116
Q

_____ ____ are the mucus secreting cells in the submucosa of the duodenum

A

brunner’s glands

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117
Q

submucosal cells are located in what two parts of the digestive system?

A

esophagus, duodenum

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118
Q

what two hormones are secreted when food enters the duodenum?

A

CCK (cholecystokinin) and secretin

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119
Q

Hormone CCK signals the _____ to contract and release ___ into the duodenum

A

gallbladder, bile

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120
Q

Hormone secretin signals the _____ to excrete ___ ____ into the duodenum

A

pancreas, digestive juices

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121
Q

what is absorbed by the large intestine?

A

water, electrolytes (sodium, potassium, acids, bases, vitamins

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122
Q

what are the parts of the large intestine in order?

A

cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum

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123
Q

the large intestine begins at the ___-_____ junction

A

ileo-cecal

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124
Q

the ileo-cecal valve is a sphincter formed from what layer of the muscularis externa?

A

circular

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125
Q

at what point does the ascending colon become the transverse colon?

A

hepatic flexure

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126
Q

at what point does the transverse colon become the descending colon?

A

splenic flexure

127
Q

the vermiform appendix is an extension from what part of the large intestine?

A

cecum

128
Q

the __ _____ are 3 bands of longitudinal smooth muscle of the muscularis externa

A

taenia coli

129
Q

____ are pockets formed by the contraction on the taenia coli

A

haustra

130
Q

__ ____ are fat-filled pouches hanging from the colon

A

epiploic appendages

131
Q

what histology of cells are in the large intestine?

A

simple columnar

132
Q

____ are absent in the large intestine

A

villi

133
Q

there are very abundant ___ cells in the large intestine

A

goblet

134
Q

a lot of ____ is needed by the large intestine for absorption of water and electrolytes

A

mucus

135
Q

abundant ___ ____ ____ are found in the submucosa of the large intestine

A

aggregated lymphoid nodules

136
Q

what is a common bacteria found in the colon?

A

E. Coli

137
Q

what are the two layers of the muscularis externa of the large intestine?

A

inner circular, outer longitudinal

138
Q

when the rectum becomes the anus/anal canal, what is the new type of cell histology?

A

stratified squamous

139
Q

the ____ is the most distal portion of the colon

A

rectum

140
Q

the ___ ___ regulates the movement of feces from rectum to anal canal

A

anal valve

141
Q

what is the anal valve composed of?

A

anal columns and anal sinuses

142
Q

what part of the rectum is under autonomic control?

A

internal sphincter muscle

143
Q

what part of the rectum is under voluntary control by somatic motors fibers?

A

external sphincter muscle

144
Q

what nerve controls the external sphincter muscle?

A

Pudendal

145
Q

bile is produced in the ____ and stored in the _____

A

liver, gallbladder

146
Q

bile is used in the ___ the breakdown ____

A

duodenum, fats

147
Q

what hormone is associated with the release of bile from the gallbladder into the duodenum?

A

CCK

148
Q

the ___ _____ carried bile from liver to gallbladder and from gallbladder to duodenum

A

biliary tree

149
Q

is there a direct connection between liver and gallbladder?

A

no

150
Q

what occurs when the gallbladder contracts?

A

bile is excreted into the duodenum

151
Q

the ___ constantly excretes bile into the duodenum

A

liver

152
Q

sphincter muscles at the end of the common bile duct ____ when there is no bolus of food in the duodenum

A

close

153
Q

bile flows into the ___ ___ and then into the gallbladder when the sphincter muscles close

A

cystic duct

154
Q

___ ___ is the opening of the duodenal ampulla into the lumen of the duodenum

A

duodenal papilla

155
Q

____ ____ join to form the common hepatic duct

A

right and left hepatic ducts

156
Q

what combines to form the common bile duct?

A

cystic duct and common hepatic duct

157
Q

the pancreatic duct and common bile duct join to form the ____ ____

A

duodenal ampulla

158
Q

where does the pancreatic duct carry digestive enzymes to and from?

A

from pancreas to duodenum

159
Q

the ____ duct is the duct between the liver and pancreas

A

hepatopancreatic

160
Q

an ____ is a structure that is a swelling

A

ampulla

161
Q

the merger of the __ ____ and ____ ducts form an ampulla

A

common bile, pancreatic

162
Q

the ____ is the organ located under the stomach

A

pancreas

163
Q

the head of the pancreas is in contact with the ______

A

duodenum

164
Q

the tail of the pancreas is in contact with the ____

A

spleen

165
Q

what type of cells does the pancreas have (exocrine, endocrine)?

A

both

166
Q

the exocrine cells of the pancreas are called _____ cells

A

acinar

167
Q

acinar cells react to _____ secreted from the enteroendocrine cells of the duodenum

A

Secretin

168
Q

____ of the pancreas break down polypeptides to amino acids

A

proteases

169
Q

______ in the pancreas break down complex sugars

A

amylases

170
Q

____ in the pancreas break down lipids into fatty acids

A

lipases

171
Q

_____ in the pancreas break down nucleus into nuclear material

A

nucleases

172
Q

____ in the pancreas is a buffer to neutralize the acidic chyme or bolus from the stomach

A

bicarbonate

173
Q

what 2 hormones are secreted in response to blood glucose concentrations?

A

insulin, glucagon

174
Q

a cell secrete ______ to transport glucose from liver to blood

A

glucagon

175
Q

the concentration of glucose in the blood increases with the hormone ______

A

glucagon

176
Q

b cells secrete ____ to transport glucose from blood into cells of the body and liver

A

insulin

177
Q

b cells secrete ____ to transport glucose from blood into cells of the body and liver

A

insulin

178
Q

the concentration of glucose in the blood increases with the hormone ______

A

insulin

179
Q

islands of langerhans are made of what two types of cells?

A

a cells and b cells

180
Q

the liver is composed of ___ lobes

A

4

181
Q

cells of the liver are called _____

A

hepatocytes

182
Q

what carries oxygen to the liver?

A

hepatic arteries and arterioles

183
Q

what carries nutrients of digestion to the liver?

A

hepatic portal vein

184
Q

what carries bile away from the liver?

A

hepatic ducts

185
Q

arterial supply goes ____ the liver and venous flow goes ___ and ____ of the liver

A

into, into and out of

186
Q

what is the portal triad made of?

A

hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, hepatic duct

187
Q

the ___ ___ ___ carries nutrients into the liver

A

hepatic portal vein

188
Q

the hepatic portal veins carries ___ and ____ out of the liver and into the IVC

A

nutrients, CO2

189
Q

the ___ ____ is the entrance of portal triad into the liver (door to liver)

A

porta hepatis

190
Q

hepatocytes are organized into _____

A

lobules

191
Q

a ____ is a hexagonal shape around a central vein

A

lobule

192
Q

___ ____ are found in every corner of the hexagonal lobule

A

portal triads

193
Q

blood flows from hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein into the lobule and into a ____ ______

A

sinusoidal capillary

194
Q

blood in the sinusoidal capillary are in contact with the ____ so they can perform their functions

A

hepatocytes

195
Q

blood in the sinusoidal capillaries flow past hepatocytes into the __ ____

A

central vein

196
Q

all central veins join to form the ___ ____

A

hepatic veins

197
Q

the hepatic veins drain into the ___ ____ ____

A

inferior vena cava

198
Q

a ___ ______carries bile away from hepatocytes

A

bile canaliculus

199
Q

many ____ join together to form the hepatic duct

A

canaliculus

200
Q

the hepatic duct carries bile towards the _____

A

gallbladder

201
Q

____ _____ are macrophages in the sinusoidal capillaries

A

kupffer cells

202
Q

the _____ is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal organs

A

peritoneum

203
Q

what are the two parts of the peritoneum?

A

visceral, parietal

204
Q

a ____ is a double layer of visceral peritoneum

A

mesentery

205
Q

an organ with a mesentery is called an ____ organ

A

intraperitoneal

206
Q

an organ without a mesentery is called a ____ organ

A

retroperitoneal

207
Q

what are the two mesenteries of the liver?

A

falciform ligament, lesser omentum

208
Q

what are the two mesenteries of the stomach?

A

greater and lesser omentum

209
Q

what is the mesentery of the jejunum and ileum?

A

mesentery proper

210
Q

what is the mesentery of the transverse colon?

A

transverse mesocolon

211
Q

what is the mesentery of the sigmoid colon?

A

sigmoid mesocolon

212
Q

what are the 3 main arteries that supply oxygenated blood to the digestive organs?

A

celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery

213
Q

the ___ ____ is the first branch off the abdominal aorta and supplies organs esophagus through duodenum

A

celiac trunk

214
Q

the ____ ___ _____ is the second branch off the abdominal aorta and supplies organs jejunum through transverse colon

A

superior mesenteric artery

215
Q

the ___ ___ ___ is the most inferior branch off the abdominal aorta and supplies the descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum

A

inferior mesenteric artery

216
Q

what are the 3 branches off of the celiac trunk?

A

left gastric artery, common hepatic artery, splenic artery

217
Q

the ___ ___ artery goes to the lesser curvature of the stomach

A

left gastric artery

218
Q

the ___ ____ artery goes to the liver and bifurcates

A

common hepatic

219
Q

the ___ artery goes to the spleen and pancreas and gives off one branch

A

splenic

220
Q

gastro-omental arteries follow the ____ curvature of the stomach

A

greater

221
Q

the ____ arteries follow the lesser curvature of the stomach

A

gastric

222
Q

___-_____ artery supplies to right gastroomental and the duodenum

A

gastro-duodenal

223
Q

what 3 things are branches from the proper hepatic artery?

A

left and right hepatic, right gastric artery

224
Q

the ___ and ____ ______ arteries supply the left and right lobes of the liver

A

left and right hepatic

225
Q

the embryonic _______ contains stomach, liver, pancreas, spleen, duodenum to the common bile duct

A

foregut

226
Q

the embryonic ____ contains the duodenum distal to the common bile duct, remaining small intestine, cecum, and ascending and transverse colon (to splenic flexure)

A

midgut

227
Q

the embryonic ______ contains the descending colon (at the splenic flexure), sigmoid colon, and rectum

A

hindgut

228
Q

organs ____ through the ___ ___ ____ are derived from the embryonic foregut

A

esophagus, common bile duct

229
Q

organs ___ ___ ____ through ___ _____ are derived from the embryonic midgut

A

common bile duct, splenic flexure

230
Q

organs ___ ____ through _____ are derived from the embryonic hindgut

A

splenic flexure, rectum

231
Q

the ___ _____ is the artery for the organs derived from the embryonic foregut

A

celiac trunk

232
Q

the ___ _____ is the artery for the organs derived from the embryonic midgut

A

superior mesenteric

233
Q

the ___ _____ is the artery for the organs derived from the embryonic hindgut

A

inferior mesenteric

234
Q

what is carried by the veins into the liver?

A

deoxygenated blood from organs of digestion

235
Q

venous blood from organs of digestion drain into the ___ ____ vein and then into the liver (portal venous drainage)

A

hepatic portal

236
Q

____ veins drain the stomach into the hepatic portal vein

A

gastric

237
Q

____ veins drain the spleen and pancreas into the hepatic portal vein

A

splenic

238
Q

the ___ ___ veins drain organs from the bile duct to the splenic flexure (midgut)

A

superior mesenteric

239
Q

the ___ ____ veins drain organs from the splenic fissure to the rectum (hindgut)

A

inferior mesenteric

240
Q

what two veins join together to form the hepatic portal vein?

A

superior mesenteric, splenic

241
Q

the ___ _____ _____ innervates the muscularis externa

A

myenteric nerve plexus

242
Q

the ___ ___ ____ innervates the muscularis mucosa

A

submucosal nerve plexus

243
Q

what nerve provides sympathetic innervation the the embryonic foregut?

A

greater splanchnic nerve

244
Q

what nerve provides sympathetic innervation the the embryonic midgut?

A

lesser sphlanchnic nerve

245
Q

what nerve provides sympathetic innervation the the embryonic hindgut?

A

lesser splanchnic nerve

246
Q

parasympathetic nerves travels ____ the GI tract to their targets

A

atop

247
Q

what nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the embryonic foregut?

A

vagus

248
Q

what nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the embryonic midgut?

A

vagus

249
Q

what nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the embryonic hindgut?

A

pelvic splanchnic

250
Q

what layers receive autonomic nervous innervation from the submucosal nerve plexus?

A

mucosa, muscularis mucosa, submucosa

251
Q

what layer receives autonomic nervous innervation from the myenteric nerve plexus?

A

muscularis externa

252
Q

the caval foramen is found at what spine level?

A

T8

253
Q

the esophageal hiatus is found at what spine level?

A

T10

254
Q

the aortic hiatus is found at what spine level?

A

T12

255
Q

what 3 components increase the surface area of the small intestine?

A

circular folds (pilcae circularis), villi, microvilli

256
Q

peyers patches of the small intestine contain what type of lymph tissue?

A

GALT (gut associated lymph tissue)

257
Q

what layer produces the ileo-cecal valve?

A

inner circular

258
Q

what substance released by the pancreas is used as a buffer to increase the pH of the bolus?

A

sodium bicarbonate

259
Q

the ____ has both exocrine and endocrine functions

A

pancreas

260
Q

_____ function is when chemicals move through a duct to a surface

A

exocrine

261
Q

____ function is when hormones move through the circulatory system to other cells

A

endocrine

262
Q

the _____ synthesizes plasma protein

A

liver

263
Q

the ___ ___ _____ carries nutrients into the liver

A

hepatic portal vein

264
Q

the ___ ___ carries nutrients and CO2 out of the liver and into the IVC

A

hepatic vein

265
Q

bile exits the liver out of the _____

A

canaliculi

266
Q

bilirubin is produced in the ____

A

liver

267
Q

chewed food + saliva =

A

bolus

268
Q

once the stomach processes the bolus, it is called _____

A

cyme

269
Q

what is the epithelial lining of the oral cavity?

A

stratified squamous

270
Q

what are the two means of propulsion?

A

swallowing, peristalsis

271
Q

the fauces is the opening between ___ ___ and ____

A

oral cavity, oropharynx

272
Q

the fauces are bounded by the ___ ___ and ____ ____

A

palatoglossal arch, palatopharyngeal arch

273
Q

where are the palatine tonsils?

A

between palatoglossal arch and palatopharyngeal arch

274
Q

the uvula is a part of the ____ _____

A

soft palate

275
Q

what papilla does not have taste buds?

A

filiform

276
Q

what salivary product breaks down carbohydrates?

A

amylase

277
Q

what salivary product inhibits bacterial growth?

A

lysozyme

278
Q

what is found in serous fluid?

A

lysozymes and amylase

279
Q

what makes up the tonsillar ring?

A

palatine tonsil, lingual tonsil, palatine tonsil

280
Q

what teeth are to cut?

A

incisors

281
Q

what teeth are for shredding and tearing?

A

cuspid/canine

282
Q

list the teeth in order

A

incisiors, cuspid/canine, pre-molars, molars

283
Q

what teeth are to mill or grind?

A

molars

284
Q

use to remember teeth!

A

2123

285
Q

the esophagus expands from _____ to _____

A

laryngeopharynx, stomach

286
Q

what are the 3 muscular segments of the esophagus?

A

skeletal, mixed/transitioning, smooth

287
Q

____ ___ ____ send mucus into the lumen of the esophagus

A

submucosal mucus glands

288
Q

spine location of the caval foramen

A

T8

289
Q

spine location of the esophageal hiatus

A

T10

290
Q

spine location of the aortic hiatus

A

T12

291
Q

the cardiac sphincter is located at the ___ ____

A

esophageal hiatus

292
Q

the lower esophageal sphincter comes from what layer of the muscularis externa?

A

inner circular

293
Q

what type of cell is found in the stomach?

A

simple columnar

294
Q

mucus secreting cells line the ____ and ___ ____ of the stomach

A

lumen, gastric pits

295
Q

what parts of the stomach secrete digestive juices?

A

fundus and body

296
Q

what is the order of cells in the gastric glands/pits from top to bottom?

A

mucus secreting, neck, parietal, chief

297
Q

what is the blood supply to the foregut?

A

celiac trunk

298
Q

what is the venous drainage of the foregut?

A

gastric and sphlenic veins

299
Q

what provides sympathetic innervation to the foregut?

A

greater sphlancnic

300
Q

what provides parasympathetics to the foregut?

A

vagus

301
Q

what is the blood supply to the midgut?

A

superior mesenteric artery

302
Q

what is the venous drainage from the midgut?

A

superior mesenteric vein

303
Q

what provides sympathetics to the midgut?

A

lesser sphlancnic nerve

304
Q

what provides parasympathetics to the midgut?

A

vagus

305
Q

what is the blood supply to the hindgut?

A

inferior mesenteric artery

306
Q

what provides venous drainage to the hindgut?

A

inferior mesenteric vein

307
Q

what provides sympathetic innervation to the hindgut?

A

least sphlancnic nerve

308
Q

what provides parasympathetics to the hindgut?

A

pelvic sphlancnic nerve

309
Q

what is secreted from paneth cells?

A

lysozymes

310
Q

what type of lymph are peyers patches?

A

GALT

311
Q

what 3 digestive hormones are enteroendocrine?

A

gastrin, CKK, secretin

312
Q

what are the exocrine products of the pancreas?

A

amylase, nuclease, lipase, bicarb

313
Q

what are the 3 locations that lysozymes are produced?

A

parotid gland, submandibular gland, paneth cells

Anatomy3651 (33 decks)

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