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Anatomy3651 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

what does the mesonephric duct develop into?

A

spermatic tract

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2
Q

what does the paramesonephric duct develop into?

A

uterus and uterine tubes

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3
Q

at how far of gestation do female and male parts start differentiating?

A

5-6 weeks

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4
Q

____ sex organs and responsible for producing gametes (testes, ovaries)

A

primary

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5
Q

____ sex organs produce everything except for gametes (testes, ovaries)

A

secondary

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6
Q

the perineum is composed of the ___ ____ and ____ ____

A

urogenital triangle, anal triangle

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7
Q

what muscle is responsible for pelvic floor support?

A

levator ani

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8
Q

what are the 2 types of erectile tissues?

A

corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum

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9
Q

what are the 3 traits similar to both types of erectile tissue?

A

high vascularized, extensive sensory nerve endings, covered by musculature

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10
Q

what type of erectile tissue is a thick connective tissue covering?

A

corpora cavernosa

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11
Q

what type of erectile tissue is a thinner connective tissue covering?

A

corpus spongiosum

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12
Q

what type of erectile tissue is good for erection?

A

corpora cavernosa

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13
Q

what type of erectile tissue is good for patency?

A

corpus spongiosum

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14
Q

what erectile tissue is on the body of the clitoris?

A

corpora cavernosa

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15
Q

what erectile tissue is on the glans of the clitoris?

A

corpus spongiosum

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16
Q

what erectile tissue is on the crus of the clitoris?

A

corpora cavernosa

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17
Q

what erectile tissue is on the bulb of the vestibule?

A

corpus spongiosum

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18
Q

what are the 6 structures of the vulva?

A

glans of the clitoris, labia minora, labia majora, vestibule, vaginal orifice, urethral orifice

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19
Q

the glans of the clitoris is covered by ____

A

prepuce

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20
Q

the ___ is the external genetalia of the female

A

vulva

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21
Q

the ___ ____ glands are located on either side of the vaginal orifice for lubrication

A

greater vestibular

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22
Q

the ____ ____ glands are located on either side of the urethral orifice for production of ejaculate

A

lesser vestibular

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23
Q

is the vaginal acidic or basic?

A

acidic

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24
Q

the vaginal has a highly ____ mucosa

A

vascularized

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25
Q

what type of epithelia lines the vagina?

A

stratified squamous

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26
Q

what two types of cells are found in the lamina propria of the vagina?

A

granulocytes, lymphocytes

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27
Q

what is the membrane covering the levator ani?

A

perineal membrane

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28
Q

what is the erectile tissue of the bulb of the penis?

A

corpus songiosum

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29
Q

what is the erectile tissue of the crus of the penis?

A

corpora cavernosa

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30
Q

what is the erectile tissue for the corpora cavernosa of the penis?

A

corpora cavernosa

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31
Q

what is the erectile tissue for the glans of the penis?

A

corpus spongiosum

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32
Q

the ____ is an extension of the abdominal wall

A

scrotum

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33
Q

the scrotum contains ____ and ____ _____

A

testes, spermatic cord

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34
Q

what is the role of the scrotum?

A

regulate temp for sperm production

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35
Q

what are the 3 parts of the spermatic cord?

A

vans deferans, testicular artery, pampiniform plexus

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36
Q

what is the male homologue of the labia majora?

A

scrotum

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37
Q

what is the junction of the vas deferens and seminal vesicle called?

A

ejaculatory duct

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38
Q

what is the site for seminal product production?

A

seminar vesicle

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39
Q

the body of the epididymis connects to the ____ _____

A

vas deferens

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40
Q

the ___ _____ of the testis comes from the mesenephric duct

A

seminiferous tubule

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41
Q

___ cells are located outside of the tubules of the testes

A

interstitial

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42
Q

____ cells are located inside of the tubules of the testes

A

sustentacular

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43
Q

____ is the site of sperm maturation

A

epididymis

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44
Q

the epididymis is a ______ set of ______

A

coiled, tubules

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45
Q

the epidydmis terminates at the ____ _____

A

vas deferens

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46
Q

what is the role of the vas deferens?

A

to move sperm

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47
Q

the vas deferens spans from the epididymis to the _____ ______

A

posterior prostate

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48
Q

what 3 products are made by the prostate gland?

A

citric acid, seminalplasmin, PSA

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49
Q

citric acid is used for what?

A

food source for sperm

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50
Q

what is the role of seminalplasmin?

A

antibiotic agent

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51
Q

what is the role of PSA?

A

liquifying seminal fluid

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52
Q

what are the 3 products made by the seminal vesicle?

A

fructose, prostaglandins, bicarbonate

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53
Q

what is the role of fructose?

A

food source for sperm

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54
Q

what is the role of prostaglandins?

A

aide in cervical dilation

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55
Q

what is the role of bicarbonate?

A

neutralizes

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56
Q

what is produced by the bulbourethral gland?

A

sexual lubricant

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57
Q

the ____ is the thick muscular neck of the uterus

A

cervix

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58
Q

what are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A

perimetrium, myometrium (thick), and endometrium

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59
Q

what type of cells line the endometrium?

A

simple columnar

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60
Q

what are the 2 zones of the endometrium?

A

functional, basilar

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61
Q

what is the inner zone of the endometrium?

A

functional

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62
Q

what is the outer zone of the endometrium?

A

basilar

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63
Q

_____ are outer flaps on the uterine tube that bring the egg in

A

fimbriae

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64
Q

what does the right gonadal artery drain into?

A

inferior vena cava

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65
Q

what does the left gonadal artery drain into?

A

renal

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66
Q

what is the funnel like structure coming up from the fimbriae?

A

infundibulum

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67
Q

what is the swelling site of fertilization?

A

ampulla

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68
Q

what is the long connection “bridge” between the uterine tube and uterus?

A

isthmus

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69
Q

what is the round top of the uterus called?

A

fundus

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70
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the broad ligament?

A

mesometrium, mesosalpinx, mesovarium

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71
Q

the suspensory ligaments span from ____ to ____ _____

A

ovary, pelvic wall

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72
Q

what is contained by the suspensory ligaments?

A

ovarian arteries and veins

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73
Q

the ____ ligament spans from uterus to labia majora

A

round

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74
Q

the ____ ligament spans from ovary to uterus

A

ovarian

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75
Q

the ovarian ligament + the round ligament of the uterus combine to form the ___ __ _____

A

remnant of gubernaculum

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76
Q

____ is the process of diploid precursor cells becoming haploid gametes

A

gametogenesis

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77
Q

____ is the process of sperm production

A

spermatogenesis

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78
Q

spematogenesis occurs in the ___ ______

A

seminiferous tubules

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79
Q

spermatogenesis occurs at _____

A

puberty

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80
Q

spermiogenesis begins in the ___ ____ and is completed in the _____

A

seminiferous tubule, epididymis

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81
Q

what is the site on the sperm for ovum binding?

A

acrosome cap

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82
Q

____ cells produce androgens such as testosterone

A

interstitial (leydig)

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83
Q

_____ cells nourish the sperm and produce inhibin

A

sustentacular

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84
Q

FSH is sent to ___ cells

A

sustentacular

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85
Q

LH is sent to ____ cells

A

leydig

86
Q

____ is the site of ovum production

A

ovary

87
Q

females have all of their ___ ____ prior to birth

A

primary oocytes

88
Q

secondary oocytes do not complete meiosis 2 until what?

A

fertilization

89
Q

what is included in a primordial follicle?

A

primary oocyte, flat follicle cells

90
Q

what is included in a primary follicle?

A

primary oocyte, cuboidal follicle cells

91
Q

what is included in a secondary follicle?

A

primary oocyte, many layers of ganulosa cells, fluid filled space

92
Q

what is the combination of many layers of granulosa cells and fluid filled space?

A

antrum

93
Q

what is included in a tertiary follicle?

A

oocyte that has completed meiosis 1 (secondary), zona pellucida, antrum

94
Q

during ____, the meiosis 1 completed cell is expelled and brought up by the uterine tubes

A

ovulation

95
Q

___ ____ surrounds the oocyte after meiosis 1 is completed

A

zona pellicita

96
Q

_____ _____ produces progesterone and some estrogen

A

corpus luteum

97
Q

___ _____ are the scars of the surface of the ovary that remain after ovulation

A

corpus albicans

98
Q

_____ is produced by follicle cells under control of FSH

A

estrogen

99
Q

estrogen is responsible for ___ _____ characteristics

A

secondary sex

100
Q

estrogen maintains functions of ____ _____

A

reproduction organs

101
Q

______ is a hormone that stimulates bone and muscle growth

A

estrogen

102
Q

progesterone is produced by the ___ ______

A

corpus luteum

103
Q

____ is a hormone produced by the placenta

A

progesterone

104
Q

progestrone maintains ______ ____ of the ____

A

secretory function, endometrium

105
Q

at puberty, ______ produced stimulates the release of ___ and ____ from the pituitary gland

A

GnRH, FSH, LH

106
Q

what phase: FSH and LH stimulate primordial follicles to mature into primary follicles, secondary follicles, and tertiary follicles

A

follicular phase

107
Q

what phase: release of the secondary oocyte from a tertiary follicle

A

ovulation

108
Q

what phase: progesterone and estrogen are produced to prepare the uterus

A

luteal

109
Q

there is a spike in ____ prior to ovulation to trigger ovulation

A

LH

110
Q

after ovulation, concentrations of ___ are higher than that of _____

A

LH, FSH

111
Q

Prior to ovulation, concentrations of ____ are higher than that of ______

A

FSH, LH

112
Q

____ levels increase as the follicle develops

A

estrogen

113
Q

after ovulation, ____ levels decrease to be below _____

A

estrogen, progesterone

114
Q

during the luteal phase, ______ levels decrease

A

progesterone

115
Q

why do progesterone levels decrease during the luteal phase?

A

to prepare the uterus for implantation. If that does not occur, the cycle repeats again

116
Q

describe the levels of gonadotropic hormone levels during the follicular phase

A

FSH levels are higher than LH, FSH drops prior to ovulation

117
Q

describe the levels of ovarian hormones during the follicular phase

A

estrogen levels raise and remain higher than progesterone

118
Q

describe the hormone levels at ovulation

A

spike in LH, small spike in FSH, spike in estrogen and then a decrease, progesterone starts to rise

119
Q

describe the levels of gonadotropic levels during the luteal phase

A

LH remains constant and higher than FSH

120
Q

describe the levels of ovarian hormones during the luteal phase

A

progesterone peaks and starts to decrease, estrogen is decreasing

121
Q

the breast is split into ____ that contain the ___ _____

A

lobules, lactiferous ducts

122
Q

____ is the hormone that causes milk production

A

prolactin

123
Q

reproduction structures except for the gonads receive blood supply from the ___ ___ ____

A

internal iliac artery

124
Q

the ovaries and testes receive blood supply from the ______ _______

A

abdominal aorta

125
Q

the external genetalia receive blood supply from the ___ _____ ______ which is a branch off the internal iliac artery

A

internal pudendal artery

126
Q

what innervates the somatic sensory stimulation?

A

pudendal nerve from S2-S4

127
Q

what innervates the parasympathetics of erection?

A

pelvic splanchnic nerves from S2-S4

128
Q

what innervates the sympathetics of ejaculation?

A

lumbar splanchnic nerves from L1-L2

129
Q

sensory stimulation is ____

A

somatic

130
Q

erection comes from _____

A

parasympathetics

131
Q

ejaculation comes from ____

A

sympathetics

132
Q

fertilization occurs after the ____ oocyte completes meiosis ____

A

secondary, 2

133
Q

after fertilization, the zygote produces _____ which is the pregnancy hormone

A

hCG

134
Q

after fertilization, chromatids pair to re-establish complete chromonsal complement and ____ to form _____

A

cleave, zygote

135
Q

after fertilization, the ___ ____ continues to produce

A

corpus luteum, progesterone

136
Q

the placenta starts producing progesterone after ____ months of pregnancy

A

3

137
Q

the ____ is the site of fertilization

A

ampulla

138
Q

mestration occurs when the ____ oocyte does not complete meiosis ____

A

secondary

139
Q

the ___ ____ regresses if menstration occurs

A

corpus luteum

140
Q

the ___ ____ is shed during menstration

A

uterine lining

141
Q

the endometrium is lined with what type of cells?

A

simple columnar

142
Q

the ___ zone of the endometrium is shed during menstration

A

functional

143
Q

what is the marker of the start of the menses phase?

A

regression of the corpus luteum

144
Q

the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle aligns with what phase(s) of the uterine cycle?

A

menstrual, proliferative

145
Q

the ovulation phase of the ovarian cycle aligns with what phase(s) of the uterine cycle?

A

proliferative

146
Q

the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle aligns with what phase(s) of the uterine cycle?

A

secretory

147
Q

implantation occurs how long after ferlization?

A

1 week

148
Q

implantation goes into the _____

A

endometrium

149
Q

the placenta acts as what organs?

A

lungs, kidney, liver, intestines

150
Q

the placenta develops from the ____ _and an ___-______ ______

A

endometrium, extra-embryonic tissue

151
Q

the rate of birth defects peaks at what gestation duration?

A

5 weeks

152
Q

____ _____ is improper blastycyst implantation and is fatal if left untreated

A

ectopic pregnancy

153
Q

normal implatation site is close to the ____ of the uterus

A

body

154
Q

____ is the pituitary hormone that stimulates cervical dilation and uterine contraction

A

oxytocin

155
Q

the oxytocin cycle is a ____ feedback loop

A

positive

156
Q

What cell undergoes mitosis in spermatogenesis?

A

primary spermatocyte

157
Q

after meiosis 1 in spermatogenesis, the produce cells are _____

A

haploid

158
Q

normal sperm are haploid or diploid?

A

haploid

159
Q

secondary spermatocytes divide to become _____

A

spermatids

160
Q

spermatid develop to become ____

A

sperm

161
Q

during spermiogenesis, the spermatid sheds its _____ and the _____ elongates

A

cytoplasm, nucleus

162
Q

ovum binding occurs on the ___ ____ of the sperm which is located at the nucleus/head

A

acrosome cap

163
Q

before birth, oogonium are _____ cells

A

diploid

164
Q

al ___ ____ are produced before birth in females

A

primary oocytes

165
Q

primary oocytes arrest in _____ __ until puberty

A

meiosis 1

166
Q

once the primary oocyte completes the first mitotic division, what is the product?

A

polar body, secondary oocyte

167
Q

the secondary oocyte is a ____ cell

A

haploid

168
Q

if the secondary oocyte is fertilized, it completes a second mitotic division and becomes an ____

A

ovum

169
Q

if the secondary oocyte is not fertilized, what occurs?

A

it degenerates

170
Q

what is produced by the testis?

A

sperm, androgens

171
Q

susintacular cells produce ____ when sperm levels are high

A

inhibin

172
Q

inhibin blocks ____ secretion to regulate sperm production

A

FSH

173
Q

the space surrounding the seminiferous tubules is called the ___ ____ and houses leydig cells

A

interstitial space

174
Q

____ stimulates leydig cells to produce androgens such as _____

A

LH, testosterone

175
Q

sperm develop ____ in the epididymis

A

motility (ability to move)

176
Q

what is the purpose of seminal fluid?

A

is slightly alkaline to neutralize the acidic vagina

177
Q

what does PSA stand for?

A

prostate-specific antigen

178
Q

what type of product is PSA?

A

enzyme

179
Q

what is the outermost layer of the uterus?

A

perimetrium

180
Q

what is the thick middle layer of the uterus?

A

myometrium

181
Q

what is the innermost layer of the uterus?

A

endometrium

182
Q

what type of cell lines the endometrium?

A

simple columnar

183
Q

what two ligaments of the female repro system makeup the remnant of gubernaculum?

A

ovarian, round

184
Q

the round ligament travels through the deep and superficial ___ _____

A

inguinal rings

185
Q

are spermatigonia haploid or diploid?

A

diploid

186
Q

to produce sperm, spermatogonia first divide via ____

A

mitosis

187
Q

what comes out of spermatogonia mitosis?

A

new germ cell, primary spermatocyte

188
Q

a primary spermatocyte is haploid or diploid?

A

diploid

189
Q

the primary spermatocyte undergos ______

A

meiosis

190
Q

what is produced when a primary spermatocyte undergos meiosis?

A

two haploid secondary spermatocytes

191
Q

secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis to become ______

A

spermatids

192
Q

is a spermatid haploid or dipliod?

A

haploid

193
Q

is a sperm haploid or diploid?

A

haploid

194
Q

the ____ of the ovary contains the ovarian follicles

A

cortex

195
Q

how many primordial follicles are present at puberty?

A

200,000

196
Q

what is the role of the zona pellicuda?

A

protective structure

197
Q

what is another term for teritairy follicle?

A

antral follicle

198
Q

what is the name of the remnants of the follicle that expelled the secondary oocyte?

A

corpus luteum

199
Q

what does the corpus luteum produce more of, estrogen or progesterone?

A

progesterone (pre gestation)

200
Q

estrogen is mainly the produce of ____ cells under the control of FSH

A

follicular

201
Q

what is the name of female primordial germ cells?

A

oogonia

202
Q

are oogonia haploid or diploid?

A

diploid

203
Q

the corpus luteum has a life span of _____ to ____ days if the secondary oocyte is not fertilized

A

10, 13

204
Q

what does hCG do?

A

acts on the corpus luteum to let it know that implantation has occured and that it should continue producing progesterone

205
Q

how many days in the typically menstral phase?

A

days 1-5

206
Q

the ____ is the precursor to the embryo

A

embryoblast

207
Q

what are the 3 identifiers of preeclampsia?

A

hypertension, swelling of hands and feet, protein in urine

208
Q

what two parts of delivery are stimulated by oxytocin?

A

cervical dilation, uterine contraction

209
Q

what occurs during the second stage of labor?

A

increasing uterine contractions lead to delivery of baby via vaginal canal

210
Q

what occurs during the third stage of labor?

A

uterine contractions continue leading to delivery of the placenta and shrinking of the uterus

Anatomy3651 (33 decks)

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