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Anatomy3651 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

the ____ filters waste from the bloodstream and creates urine from the filtrate

A

kidney

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2
Q

what are the 3 components of the urinary tract?

A

ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

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3
Q

what is the innermost layer of tissue connected to the kidneys?

A

fibrous capsule

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4
Q

what is the second most inner layer of tissue connected to the kidneys?

A

perirenal fat

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5
Q

what is the second most outer layer of tissue connected to the kidneys?

A

renal fascia

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6
Q

what is the outermost layer of tissue around the kindeys?

A

pararenal fat

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7
Q

renal pyramids are seperated by __ ____

A

renal columns

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8
Q

the kidneys have an outer ____ and inner ______

A

cortex, medulla

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9
Q

the tips of the renal pyramids are _____

A

papilla

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10
Q

each renal papilla projects into a funnel-shaped space called the ___ _____

A

minor calyx

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11
Q

the minor calyces merge to form a larger space called ___ _____

A

major calyx

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12
Q

the major calyces merge together to form the ___ _____

A

renal pelvis

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13
Q

the renal pelvis leads into the _____

A

ureter

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14
Q

blood is carried into the kidney via ___ _____

A

renal arteries

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15
Q

what category are kidneys in regard to mesenteries?

A

retroperitineal

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16
Q

up to 5 ___ ____ branch from the renal artery within the renal sinus

A

segmental

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17
Q

afferent arterioles enter the renal corpuscle and form a capillary network called ____ and leave via efferent arterioles

A

glomerulus

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18
Q

what two things make up the renal corpuscle?

A

glomerulus, glomerular capsule

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19
Q

what is the functional filtration unit of the kidney?

A

nephron

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20
Q

what is made when you combine a proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, and distal convoluted tubule?

A

renal tubule

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21
Q

what type of epithelia is found in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

simple cuboidal with microvilli (increase absorption capacity)

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22
Q

the ___ ___ tubule actively reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, electrolytes, and plasma proteins

A

proximal convoluted

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23
Q

the __ _____ loops down into the medulla

A

nephron loop

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24
Q

the narrow part of the nephron loop is ___ ___cells

A

simple squamous

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25
Q

the thicker part of the nephron loop is ___ ____ cells

A

simple cuboidal

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26
Q

the primary function of the __ ___ is to reabsorb water and solutes to the bloodstream

A

nephron loop

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27
Q

the primary function of the ___ ____ tubule is the secrete ions into tubular fluid

A

distal convoluted

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28
Q

the distal convoluted tubule is made of what type of cell?

A

simple cuboidal (with sparse microvilli)

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29
Q

what is the most abundant type of nephron?

A

cortical

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30
Q

____ nephrons work under normal conditions

A

cortical

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31
Q

cortical nephrons have ____ loops and are ___ in the cortex

A

short, high

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32
Q

____ nephrons work during periods of high activity

A

juxtamedullary

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33
Q

juxtamedually neurons have ____ loops and are ____ the cortex

A

long, near

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34
Q

what two things are the uriniferous tubule made of?

A

nephron, collecting system

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35
Q

the ___ ___ is the last place filtrate can be modified

A

uriniferous tubule

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36
Q

what are the 2 components of the uriniferous tubule?

A

collecting tubules, collecting duct

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37
Q

what 3 structures control the glomerular filtration rate?

A

podocytes, fenestrated capillaries, basement membrane

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38
Q

filtration occurs in the ___ ____

A

renal corpuscle

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39
Q

what two structures act as sites for secretion and reabsorption?

A

peritubular capillaries and vasa recta

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40
Q

what 2 structures make up the juxta glomerular apparatus?

A

juxtaglomerular cells, macula densa

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41
Q

where are juxtaglomerular cells located?

A

afferent arterioles

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42
Q

what are macula densa cells located?

A

distal convoluted tubule

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43
Q

the structures of the juxtaglomerular apparatus have what two roles?

A

regulate blood pressure, regulate glomerular filtration rate

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44
Q

the ureters pass of the ____ _____ at the bifurcation of the external and internal iliac vessels

A

iliac vessels

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45
Q

ureters carry urine ___ from kidneys

A

away

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46
Q

what are the 3 layers in order of the ureter?

A

mucosa, muscularis, adventitia

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47
Q

ureter mucosa is made of what?

A

transitional epithelium

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48
Q

ureter muscularis is made of what?

A

smooth muscle (thick)

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49
Q

ureter adventitia is made of what?

A

collagen and elastic fibers

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50
Q

what are the two components of the ureter mucosa?

A

lamina propria, transitional epithelium

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51
Q

what are the 4 layers of the urinary bladder?

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, adventitia

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52
Q

what is urinary bladder mucosa made of?

A

transitional epithelia

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53
Q

what is urinary bladder submucosa made of?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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54
Q

what is urinary bladder muscularis made of?

A

detrusor muscle

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55
Q

what is urinary bladder adventitia made of?

A

outer loose connective tissue

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56
Q

__ ___ can expand and contract depending on the stage of the urinary cycle

A

detrusor muscle

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57
Q

the posteriorinferior triangular area of the urinary bladder is called _____

A

trigone

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58
Q

the trigone stays ___ in size

A

constant

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59
Q

blood supply to the urinary bladder comes from ___ ____ from the internal iliac artery

A

vesical arteries

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60
Q

the expulsion of urine from the bladder is called _____

A

micturition

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61
Q

the parasympathetics of the bladder come from ___ ___ ____

A

sacral spinal nerves (S2-S4)

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62
Q

sympathetics from the bladder come from _____ ____

A

lumbar plexus (T11-L2)

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63
Q

____ _____ in the bladder trigger the _____ ___ _____

A

stretch receptors, micturition reflex center

64
Q

once stretch receptors trigger the micturition reflex center, impulses travel to the ____ muscle and the ___ ___ ______

A

detrusor, internal urethral sphincter

65
Q

once impulses travel from detrusor muscle to the internal urethral sphincter, __ ____ in the internal urethral sphincter relaxes

A

smooth muscle

66
Q

once smooth muscle in the IUS relaxes, smooth muscle in the ____ contracts

A

detrusor

67
Q

the final step of urination is what?

A

person must consciously relax the external urethral sphincter

68
Q

the point of the trigone is the ___ ___ ____

A

internal urethral sphincter

69
Q

urogenital system derives from the embryonic __ ___

A

intermediate mesoderm

70
Q

the embryonic intermediate mesoderm will condense and form a ___ ___ (retroperitoneal)

A

urogenital ridge

71
Q

the embryonic _____ is a kidney placeholder and is the first step of development

A

pronephros

72
Q

the embryonic _____ is the second kidney placeholder that goes away

A

mesonephros

73
Q

the embryonic ____ leads to the adult kidney and is not a dissolving intermediate

A

metanephros

74
Q

parasympathetics are what make you ____

A

urinate

75
Q

sympathetics are involved in urine _____

A

storage

76
Q

what are the 3 segments of the male urethra?

A

prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, penile urethra

77
Q

the glomerulus allowed for ___ ______filtration to occur

A

non-selective

78
Q

the glomerulus is surrounded by the ___ ____

A

glomerular capsule

79
Q

the glomerular capsule collects filtrate before entering the ____ ___ ___

A

proximal convoluted tubules

80
Q

from the distal convoluted tubules, filtrate continues into what?

A

uriniferous tubule

81
Q

what are the two secondary capillary beds?

A

peritubular capillaries, vasa recta

82
Q

where are the vasa recta primarily found?

A

surround long nephron loops of the juxtamedullary nephrons

83
Q

nephron function is regulated by ____ ______

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

84
Q

where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus found?

A

between afferent arteriole and distal convoluted tubule

85
Q

the mucula densa senses the levels of ____ within the distal convoluted tubule

A

Na+

86
Q

when Na+ levels are ____, this causes a constriction of the afferent arteriole and a decrease in filtration rate

A

elevated

87
Q

decreased filtration rate can lead to increased production of ____

A

renin

88
Q

___ cells help maintain homeostatic levels in the kidney

A

renin

89
Q

____ ____ are the means of gas and nutrient exchange that are intertwined with convoluted tubules and reside in the cortex

A

peritubular capillaries

90
Q

____ _____ are the means of gas and nutrient exchange that are intertwined with the nephron loop and reside in the medulla

A

vasa recta

91
Q

blood filtration occurs at the ______

A

glomerulus

92
Q

blood is highly ____ until it reaches the peritubular capillaries/vasa recta

A

oxygenated

93
Q

what is filitrate?

A

blood plasma without large solutes

94
Q

glomerular filtration is the process by which water and some dissolved solutes in the blood plasma passively move out of the ______ into the capsular space of the ____ ______ due to pressure differences across the filtration membrane

A

glomerulus, renal corpuscle

95
Q

___ ____ is when substances of filtrate move via diffusion or active transport across the wall of the renal tubule to return to the blood

A

tubular reabsorption

96
Q

once filtrate begins modification, it is called ____ _____

A

tubular fluid

97
Q

where is the tubular fluid located during secretion?

A

within the convoluted tubules and nephron loop

98
Q

in tubular reabsorption, substances are moved from ___ ___ into ____

A

tubular fluid, blood

99
Q

in tubular secretion, substances move from ___ into ____ _____

A

blood, tubular fluid

100
Q

which of the 3 means of filtration regulation allows plasma and its dissolved substances to be filtered which restricting the passage of large structures such as the formed elements of blood?

A

fenestrated capillary endothelium

101
Q

which of the 3 means of filtration restricts the passage of large plasma proteins and allows smaller structures to pass?

A

basement membrane

102
Q

which of the 3 means of filtration are specialized cells with foot-like projections and restricts the passage of most small proteins

A

podocytes

103
Q

the _____ ___ ____ actively reabsorbs all nutrients (glucose, amino acids, vitamins, plasma proteins) and secretes some ions into the tubular fluid

A

proximal convoluted tubule

104
Q

the ___ _____ primary role is the reabsorb water and solutes from the tubular fluid (such as sodium and chloride)

A

nephron loops

105
Q

the ___ ___ _____ secretes ions such as potassium and hydrogen into the tubular fluid, with some reabsorption of water and sodium

A

distal convoluted tubule

106
Q

when the tubular fluid leaves the distal convoluted tubules, it travels through a series of ___ ____ and empties into ___ ____

A

collecting tubules, collecting ducts

107
Q

the ___ ____ are the last possible site of tubular fluid modification

A

collecting ducts

108
Q

where are macula densa cells location?

A

distal convoluted tubules

109
Q

what does the juxtaglomerular apparatus control?

A

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

110
Q

if GFR or blood pressure is reduced, granular cells release ____

A

renin

111
Q

does the ureter have submucosa?

A

no

112
Q

the mucosa of the ureter is made from what type of epithelia?

A

transitional

113
Q

if blood pressure or GFR is reduced, juxtaglomerular cells release ____

A

renin

114
Q

what artery branches from renal arteries?

A

segmental

115
Q

what artery branches from segmental arteries?

A

interlobar

116
Q

what artery branches from interlobar arteries?

A

arcuate

117
Q

what artery do afferent arterioles branch from?

A

interlobular

118
Q

what part of the blood is filtered right away in the renal corpuscle?

A

blood plasma and small molecules

119
Q

is the blood being carried in the efferent arteriole oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

oxygenated

120
Q

what part of the kidney is the glomerulus located?

A

cortex

121
Q

what part of the kidney is the nephron loop located?

A

medulla

122
Q

the ____ arterioles branch into either the ___ ___ or ___ ____

A

efferent, peritubular capillaries, vasa recta

123
Q

are peritubular capillaries in the cortex or medulla?

A

cortex

124
Q

are vasa recta in the cortex or medulla?

A

medulla

125
Q

exchange of gas occurs where?

A

peritubular capillaries or vasa recta

126
Q

does the proximal convoluted tubule have microvilli?

A

yes

127
Q

where is plasma reabsorbed?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

128
Q

where is glucose reabsorbed?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

129
Q

where are amino acids reabsorbed?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

130
Q

where are electrolytes reabsorbed?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

131
Q

where is water reabsorbed?

A

nephron loop

132
Q

where are solutes such as sodium and chloride reabsorbed?

A

nephron loop

133
Q

where are ions such as potassium secreted?

A

distal convoluted tubule

134
Q

how much villi are present in the distal convoluted tubules?

A

sparse amounts

135
Q

about ____ of nephrons are cortical

A

85%

136
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons work when you are ____

A

dehydrated

137
Q

what is filtrate?

A

blood plasma without large solutes (i.e. proteins)

138
Q

is there more reabsorption or secretion?

A

reabsorption

139
Q

once tubular fluid exits the collecting ducts, what is it called?

A

urine

140
Q

what is the innermost layer of the filtration membrane?

A

fenestrated capillaries

141
Q

what is the middle layer of the filtration membrane?

A

basement membrane

142
Q

what is the outermost layer of the filtration membrane?

A

podocytes

143
Q

the ____ arteriole is wider than the ____

A

afferent, efferent

144
Q

the blood that enters the glomerulus from the afferent arteriole has ____ pressure

A

high

145
Q

what two hormones are secreted in response to low blood volume and low solute concentration in tubular fluid?

A

ADH, aldosterone

146
Q

ADH and aldosterone cause the distal convoluted tubule to ____ water and sodium reabsorption from tubular fluid

A

increase

147
Q

where does tubular fluid go once it leaves the distal convoluted tubule?

A

collecting tubules

148
Q

where are collecting tubules and collecting ducts located in the kidney?

A

renal medulla towards the papilla

149
Q

the collecting ____ are the last place for tubular fluid modification

A

ducts

150
Q

the visceral layer of the renal corpuscle is made of what?

A

podocytes

151
Q

the parietal layer of the renal corpuscle is made of what?

A

simple squamous epithelium

152
Q

juxtaglomerular cells are modified what?

A

smooth muscle cells

153
Q

macula densa cells are modified what?

A

epithelial cells

154
Q

the ___ _____ cells monitor ions concentrations in tubular fluid

A

macula densa

155
Q

what arteries supply blood to the urinary bladder?

A

vesicle

156
Q

where is the micturition reflex center located?

A

pons

Anatomy3651 (33 decks)

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