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anatomy3651 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the primary role of the endocrine system?

A

regulate functions via hormones in the bloodstream

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2
Q

what are the two master endocrine controls?

A

hypothalamus, pituitary gland

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3
Q

what is more common, positive or negative feedback loop?

A

negative

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4
Q

the hypothalamus sends hormones to the ____ _____

A

anterior pituitary

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5
Q

the anterior pituitary sends hormones to the ___ ____

A

target glands

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6
Q

how does a positive feedback loop work?

A

the end product stimulates the production of more product

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7
Q

the hypothalamus produces ____ _____

A

releasing hormones

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8
Q

hormones travel through the ___ ____ to the anterior pituitary

A

portal system

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9
Q

what are the 3 main hormones produced by the anterior pituitary?

A

FSH, LH (gonadotropins), prolactin

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10
Q

what major hormone is produced by the posterior pituitary?

A

oxytocin

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11
Q

oxytocin and ADH are made in the _____ and released in the ___ _____

A

hypothalamus, posterior pituitary

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12
Q

when blood sugar is too high, ____ is released by the pancreas

A

insulin

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13
Q

when blood sugar is too low, ___ is released by the pancreas

A

glucogon

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14
Q

the ___ ____ is located on top of the left kidney

A

adrenal gland

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15
Q

what are the 3 layers of the adrenal gland in order?

A

adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex, capsule

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16
Q

what are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex?

A

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

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17
Q

the adrenal cortex is stimulated by ___

A

ACTH

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18
Q

the zona glomerulosa releases _______

A

aldosterone

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19
Q

what is the role of aldosterone?

A

regulate blood pressure

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20
Q

the zona fasciculata released ____

A

cortisol

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21
Q

cortisol is the ___ hormone

A

stress

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22
Q

the zona reticularis releases _____

A

androgens

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23
Q

what is the role of androgens?

A

sex hormones, typically masculine but also found in females

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24
Q

what hormone is released by the adrenal gland into the kidney?

A

aldosterone

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25
Q

renin is released from the ____

A

kidney

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26
Q

angiotensinogen is released from the ____

A

liver

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27
Q

renin acts on angiotensinogen to form ____ __

A

angiotensin 1

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28
Q

ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) is released from the _____

A

lungs

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29
Q

ACE acts on angiotensin 1 to form ___ ___

A

angiotensin 2

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30
Q

angiotensin 2 acts directly on ___ ___ and stimulates _____

A

blood vessels, narrowing

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31
Q

angiotensin 2 acts upon the ___ _____ to stimulate the release of _____

A

adrenal gland, aldosterone

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32
Q

what does aldosterone do to the kidneys?

A

stimulate reabsorption of salt and water

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33
Q

what is the name of the system that regulates blood pressure?

A

renin-angiotensin system

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34
Q

the thyroid engages in a _____ feedback loop

A

negative

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35
Q

Thyroid hormone stimulates target cells to ____ metabolic activity

A

increase

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36
Q

___ ___ are what produce thyroid hormone

A

follicular cells

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37
Q

the role of parafollicular cells is what?

A

lower blood calcium levels

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38
Q

how do the parafollicular cell complete their function of lowering blood calcium levels?

A

inhibits the activity in osteclasts which break down the bone and inhibit the tubular reabsorption of calcium

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39
Q

low blood calcium is detected by the ____ ____

A

parathyroid gland

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40
Q

once low blood calcium levels are detected by the parathyroid gland, ____ is secreted into the bloodstream

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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41
Q

in what way do osteoclasts aid in increasing blood calcium levels?

A

reabsorb bone connective tissue which releases calcium into the blood stream

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42
Q

in what way do the kidneys aid in increasing blood calcium level?

A

retain calcium and promote activation of an inactive form of vitamin D to calcitriol, which is an active form of vitamin D

43
Q

in what way does the small intestine aid in increasing blood calcium levels?

A

increases of absorption of more calcium under the influence of calcitriol

44
Q

the parathyroid engages in a ____ feedback loop

A

negative

45
Q

what are the master controls of the endocrine system?

A

hypothalamus, pituitary gland

46
Q

what seven hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?

A

ACTH, GH, prolactin, TSH, MSH, FSH, LH

47
Q

what hormones are made in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary?

A

oxytocin, ADH

48
Q

what is produced by parafollicular cells?

A

calcitonin

49
Q

the pituitary gland is found within the ___ _____

A

sella turcica

50
Q

does the posterior pituitary produce hormones?

A

no

51
Q

the posterior pituitary ____ the produces made in the hypothalamus for later release

A

stores

52
Q

the _____ of the adrenal gland is responsible for the endocrine functions

A

cortex

53
Q

the medulla of the adrenal gland produces ____ and ____ to help create a system wide sympathetic response

A

norepinephrine, epinephrine

54
Q

the thyroid is found in the neck inferior to the ____

A

larynx

55
Q

the thyroid gland is divided into _____

A

follicles

56
Q

the colloid of the thyroid gland is found in the ____

A

follicles

57
Q

colloid contains _____ which is used by the simple cuboidal follicular cells that line each follicle to produce thyroid hormone

A

iodine

58
Q

hormones of the thyroid regulate our ______

A

metabolism

59
Q

the parathyroid is located on the ____ side of the thyroid

A

posterior

60
Q

the glands of the parathyroid are found in the ____ _____ of the thyroid

A

connective tissue

61
Q

insulin and glucagon are produced in what part of the pancreas?

A

islets

62
Q

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) travels to the ___ _____

A

adrenal cortex

63
Q

GH (growth hormone) travels to the ___ and ____

A

bones, muscles

64
Q

MSH (malanocyte stimulating hormone) travels to the _____

A

skin

65
Q

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) travels to the _____

A

thyroid

66
Q

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) travel to the ___ and ____

A

testis, ovaries

67
Q

oxytocin and prolactin travel to the ______

A

breast

68
Q

ADH (anti diuretic hormone) travels to the ______

A

kidney

69
Q

pancreatic islets are clusters of ____ cells

A

endocrine (a cells and b cells)

70
Q

a cells release glucagon when blood sugar levels ____

A

drop

71
Q

b cells release insulin when blood sugar levels ____

A

rise

72
Q

what occurrence stimulates the renin-angiotensin system?

A

drop in blood pressure, drop in fluid volume

73
Q

renin is an enzyme that acts on _____ from the liver

A

angiotensinogen

74
Q

angiotensin 2 acts on the adrenal gland to stimulate the release of _____

A

aldosterone

75
Q

what does aldosterone do in the renin-angiotensin system?

A

acts on the kidneys to stimulate the reabsorption of salt and water

76
Q

what is the ultimate goal of parafollicular cells/calcitonin?

A

reduce blood calcium level

77
Q

what is the ultimate goal of the parathyroid gland?

A

increase blood calcium levels

78
Q

to increase blood calcium levels, what do osteoclasts do?

A

reabsorb bone connective tissue and release calcium into bloodstream

79
Q

to increase blood calcium levels, what do the kidneys do?

A

retain calcium and promote the activate of calcitriol to an active vitamin D

80
Q

to increase blood calcium levels, what does the small intestine do?

A

increase absorption of calcium under the influence of calcitriol

81
Q

the ___ _____ signal the juxtaglomerular cells to produce renin in response to low sodium concentrations

A

macula densa

82
Q

what is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

acinar cells produce gastric juice via pancreatic duct into the duodenum when stimulated by the duodenum releasing secretin

83
Q

what happens in the liver when alpha cells secrete glucagon in response to blood glucose dropping?

A

tells target cells to break down glycogen into glucose and to release glucose into the blood stream

84
Q

what happens in the liver when beta cells secrete insulin in response to blood glucose rising?

A

tells target cells to retain/take up glucose

85
Q

type 1 diabetes is the autoimmune loss of ___ cells

A

beta

86
Q

type 2 diabetes is _____ resistance coupled with b cell loss

A

insulin

87
Q

what is the thickest layer of the adrenal cortex?

A

zona fasciculata

88
Q

what hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex?

A

ACTH

89
Q

mineralocorticoids are released by what layer of the adrenal cortex?

A

zona glomerulosa

90
Q

glucocorticoids are released by what layer of the adrenal cortex?

A

zona fasciculata

91
Q

gonadocorticoids are released from what layer of the adrenal cortex?

A

zona reticularis

92
Q

what is release by the adrenal medulla?

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

93
Q

what two hormones are released to regulate kidney function?

A

aldosterone (from adrenal gland) and ADH (from posterior pituitary)

94
Q

renin’s role is to ____ blood pressure and ____ blood vessels

A

increase, narrow

95
Q

renin released from the kidney acts upon ____ released from the liver

A

angiotensinogen

96
Q

renin acts on angiotenisogen as well as _______

A

angiotensin 1

97
Q

angiotensin 2 acts on the _____ _____ to stimulate the release of aldosterone

A

adrenal gland

98
Q

what two things are reabsorbed by the kidney when acted upon by aldosterone?

A

NaCl, H2O

99
Q

what type of stimulus causes the hypothalamus to release TRH to act on the anterior pituitary?

A

low body temp

100
Q

TSH stimulates thyroid follicles to release ___ ____

A

thyroid hormone

101
Q

what two thyroid hormones act in opposite to each other?

A

parathyroid hormone (increases blood calcium) and calcitonin (decreases blood calcium)

102
Q

calcitonin is released from _____ cells

A

parafollicular

103
Q

what type of cells line thyroid follicles?

A

simple cuboidal

anatomy3651 (33 decks)

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