13: What Happens to the Food You Consume? Flashcards
Module 3, Lesson 2 (136 cards)
1
Q
The energy animals receive from food is in the form of…
A
Calories
2
Q
A ____ is the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
A
calorie
note lowercase “c”
3
Q
A ____ is equal to 1,000 calories.
A
Calorie / kilocalorie
note uppercase “C”
4
Q
The ____ is the minimum amount of energy consumed by the body under resting conditions.
A
Basal metabolic rate
(BMR)
5
Q
People need to ingest about ____ more calories a day than the BMR.
A
50 - 100%
6
Q
People need to consume a balanced ratio of…
(six)
A
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Fats
- Vitamins
- Minerals
- Water
7
Q
Once ingested, ____ are broken down into their component amino acids and used to build new, more complex proteins.
A
Proteins
8
Q
Nine of the twenty amino acids used to build proteins are considered ____ and are obtained through the diet.
A
Essential
9
Q
____ are used as the primary energy source in cellular respiration.
A
Carbohydrates
10
Q
Energy can be extracted from carbohydrates by…
A
Breaking their chemical bonds
11
Q
Energy contained in carbohydrates can be stored in the liver as ____ or in adipose cells as ____.
A
Glycogen ; fat
12
Q
____ is an important energy storage molecule that can contain twice as much energy as other energy storage molecules.
A
Fat
13
Q
____ fats are obtained through the diet.
A
Essential
14
Q
Excess calories are converted to…
A
Fat
15
Q
____ are organic compounds that are essential for metabolic reactions.
A
Vitamins
16
Q
The primary role of vitamins is to…
A
Help catalyze metabolic reactions
17
Q
True or false:
Vitamins can be produced by the body.
A
False
18
Q
There are a total of ____ essential vitamins.
A
13
19
Q
____ are inorganic compounds that help catalyze metabolic reactions.
A
Minerals
20
Q
The digestive system is composed of…
(two)
A
- A tubular gastrointestinal tract (elementary canal)
- Accessory organs
21
Q
In the digestive system, ____ produce enzymes that assist with digestion.
A
Accessory organs
22
Q
List the four accessory organs associated with the digestive system.
A
- Liver
- Gallbladder
- Salivary glands
- Pancreas
23
Q
Food is ingested through and mechanically broken down in the…
A
Mouth
24
Q
The ____ is the opening of the oral and nasal cavities located between the mouth and the esophagus.
A
Pharynx
25
The ____ is a muscular tube leading to the stomach.
Esophagus
26
Food is chemically broken down in the...
Stomach
27
Digested nutrients are absorbed in the...
Small and large intestines
28
The waste products of digestion exit the body through the...
Anus
29
List the four main tissue layers of the digestive tract.
1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis
4. Serosa
30
The innermost layer of the digestive tract is the...
Mucosa
31
The mucosa is made up of ____ tissue.
Epithelia
32
List three functions of the mucosa.
1. Secretes mucus
2. Absorbs endproducts of digestion into the blood
3. Protects underlying tissues from foreign objects
33
The submucosa is made up of ____ tissue.
Connective
34
The ____ is rich in blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers.
Submucosa
35
The muscularis is made up of...
Smooth muscle
36
What are the two orientations of smooth muscle in the muscularis layer?
Circular and longitudinal
## Footnote
like an earthworm :)
37
The primary function of the muscularis is to...
Move food through the gastrointestinal tract
38
The circular layers in the muscularis are responsible for...
Sphincter muscles
39
The serosa is made of ____ tissue.
Epithelial
40
The function of the serosa is to...
Protect the canal from abrasions as the walls flex and extend
41
The method of mechanical food breakdown in the mouth is called...
Mastication
(chewing)
42
Because birds do not have teeth, in order to mechanically break down their food they...
Ingest pebbles and store them in their gizzard
43
Chemical digestion of food begins in the...
Mouth
44
In the mouth, the tongue mixes chewed food with...
Saliva
45
Saliva is produced by...
Three pairs of salivary glands
46
List the four main components of saliva.
1. Water
2. Mucus
3. Salivary amylase
4. Antibacterial compounds
47
The role of water in saliva is to...
Dissolve hydrophilic substances
48
The role of mucus in saliva is to...
Bind food together
49
The role of salivary amylase in saliva is to...
Initiate starch breakdown
50
The tongue forms mechanically fractured food into a round structure called a ____, which is then swallowed.
Bolus
51
When food enters the back of the mouth, the ____ seals off the nasal cavity and temporarily pauses breathing.
Soft palate
52
The ____ is initiated once the bolus passes the soft palate.
Involuntary swallowing reflex
53
What happens during the involuntary swallowing reflex?
| (two)
1. The larynx is elevated
2. The epiglottis folds
54
During swallowing, the epiglottis folds in order to...
Keep food out of the respiratory tract
55
After the bolus enters the ____, the larynx relaxes and breathing resumes.
Esophagus
56
The upper portion of the esophagus contains ____ muscle.
Skeletal
57
The majority of the esophagus contains ____ muscle.
Smooth
58
In the esophagus, longitudinal and circular muscle layers work together to...
Move food through the esophagus
59
____ is the process by which food is moved in one direction through the esophagus.
Peristalsis
60
# True or false:
Food in the esophagus is always directed towards the stomach regardless of gravity.
True
61
The successive one-directional waves of muscle contraction in the esophagus are stimulated by...
The swallowing center in the brain
62
The circular opening that food must pass through to reach the stomach is called the...
Esophageal spincter
63
The inside of the ____ is highly convoluted to allow expansion.
Stomacg
64
Inside the stomach, the bolus is combined with highly acidic...
Gastric juice
65
List the three main components of gastric juice.
1. Mucus
2. Hydrochloric acid
3. Pepsin
66
The inactive form of pepsin, ____ is converted to pepsin by acidity.
Pepsinogen
67
List the three muscle layers of the stomach lining.
1. Oblique
2. Circular
3. Longitudinal
68
The muscles of the stomach lining churn food and mix it with gastric juice until it becomes...
Chyme
69
The stomach lining contains ____ which lead to glands that produce gastric juice.
Gastric pits
70
List the three types of cells involved in producing gastric juice.
1. Chief cells
2. Parietal cells
3. Mucus-secreting cells
71
____ secrete pepsinogen.
Chief cells
72
____ secrete hydrochloric acid.
Parietal cells
73
Food exits the stomach through the...
Pyloric sphincter
74
The first region of the small intestine that food enters is the...
Duodenum
75
Most digestion and nearly all nutrient absorption occurs in the...
Small intestine
76
List the three regions of the small intestine.
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum
77
Inside the ____, pancreas enzymes and gallbladder bile break down proteins and fats.
## Footnote
the answer is not "small intestine", btw
Duodenum
78
The ____ is the region of the small intestine adapted to absorption of nutrients.
Jejunum
79
The ____ of the small intestine gives the intestine its massive surface area.
Folded epithelial lining
80
____ are folds in the mucosal lining of the small intestine.
Villi
81
The villi are covered with extensions of the plasma membrane called...
Microvilli
82
____ enzymes are digestive enzymes housed in the microvilli that aid in digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fatty acids.
"Brush border"
83
____ are broken down into amino acids by brush border enzymes, then transported through epithelial cells into the capillaries.
Proteins
84
____ are broken into monosaccharide monomers by brush border enzymes, then transported through epithelial cells into the capillaries.
Polysaccharides
85
Fats are broken down into fatty acids and monoglycerides by....
Bile salts
86
Fatty acids and monoglycerides are ____, so they easily diffuse across cell membranes.
Lipophilic
87
Inside cells, fatty acids and monoglycerides are assembled into triglycerides and packaged into...
Chylomicrons
88
Chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system via...
Lymphatic capillaries
89
Lymphatic capillaries join to form...
Lacteals
90
Absorbed nutrients are distributed to the body via the...
Circulatory system
91
Nutrients are transported to the liver via the...
Hepatic portal vein
92
The pancreas secretes ____ through the pancreatic duct.
Pancreatic juice
93
List five digestive enzymes/chemicals secreted by the pancreas.
1. Trypsin
2. Chymotrypsin
3. Pancreatic amylase
4. Lipase
5. Bicarbonate
94
Trypsin and chymotropsin are ____ stored in an inactive form in the pancreas.
Proteases
95
Pancreatic amylase is used to help digest...
Carbohydrates
96
The pancreas secretes ____, which neutralizes the acidic chyme to make a suitable pH.
Bicarbonate
97
The ____ is the largest and most metabolically active internal organ.
Liver
98
List four major functions of the liver.
1. Detoxification of harmful substances
2. Synthesis of complex proteins
3. Assembly and storage of glycogen
4. Secretion of bile
99
The bile secreted by the liver is composed of...
Bile salts and bile pigments
100
Bile ____ are the waste products from broken-down red blood cells.
Pigments
101
Bile ____ help to emulsify clumped liquids.
Salts
102
The ____ stores and concentrates bile.
Gallbladder
103
The presence of fatty food in the duodenum stimulates...
Injection of bile into the duodenum
104
The small intestine empties into the large intestine at a junction where the ____ and ____ are located.
Cecum and appendix
105
# True or false:
The colon is a vestigial structure.
False
The cecum and appendix are, but not the colon
106
List the four main functions of the colon.
1. Absorbs any remaining water
2. Absorbs electrolytes
3. Absorbs vitamin K
4. Compacts feces for expulion
107
Compacted feces enter the ____ to be expelled.
Rectum
108
Expulsion of feces is controlled by...
2 sets of sphincter muscles
109
# True or false:
Both sets of sphincter muscles involved in feces expulsion are under voluntary control.
False
The second set is the only one under voluntary control
110
The first sphincter muscle involved in feces expulsion opens involuntarily in response to...
Pressure
111
Feces is composed of...
Parts of food that were not digested
112
# True or false:
All animals lack the enzymes needed to digest cellulose.
True
113
In order to absorb cellulose, some animals have...
Bacteria and protists in their digestive tracts
114
____ have longer digestive tracts which allow more time for cellulose digestion.
Herbivores
115
Which three groups of animals are able to digest cellulose in their cecums?
1. Herbivores
2. Ruminants
3. Rodents
116
____ have a four-chambered stomach that house bacteria and protists, enabling them to digest cellulose more effectively.
Ruminants
117
____ have no cecum and thus do not digest any cellulose.
Insectivores
118
____ have a small cecum but do not digest any cellulose.
Carnivores
119
____ is the process by which some animals eat their feces to absorb more nutrients on the second passage of food.
Coprophagy
120
List four hormones involved in controlling the digestive tract.
1. Gastrin
2. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
3. Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
4. Secretin
121
____ is secreted by the stomach and targets chief and parietal cells to aid digestion of proteins.
Gastrin
122
____ is released by the duodenum in response to fatty chyme and targets the gallbladder and pancreas.
CCK
123
CCK stimulates the release of...
Bile and digestive enzymes
124
____ is released by the duodenum in response to fatty chyme and targets the stomach.
GIP
125
GIP inhibits...
The emptying of chyme into the duodenum
126
____ is released by the duodenum in response to acidic conditions and targets the pancreas.
Secretin
127
Secretin stimulates the pancreas to release...
Bicarbonate
128
CCP, GIP, and secretin are collectively referred to as...
Enterogastrones
129
Which two hormones are involved in long-term control of feeding behavior?
1. Leptin
2. Insulin
130
____ is released from fat cells and decreases appetite.
Leptin
131
Leptin targets cells in the...
Hypothalamus
132
A decrease in fat cells results in...
Decreased leptin release and increased appetite
133
Which three hormones are involved in short-term control of feeding behavior?
1. CCK
2. GIP
3. Ghrelin
134
When involved in short-term control of feeding behavior, GIP, CCP, and ghrelin target cells in the...
Hypothalamus
135
CCK and GIP are released based on levels of food in the stomach and...
Inhibit appetite
136
____ levels rise just before feeding, which increases appetite.
Ghrelin
