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BIOL 1106 > 3: Transport Throughout the Plant > Flashcards

3: Transport Throughout the Plant Flashcards

Module 1, Lesson 3 (99 cards)

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1
Q

In order to live on land, plants needed a method of…

A

Transporting water and nutrients between the roots nd the leaves

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2
Q

True or false:

Water flows through the xylem in only one direction.

A

True

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3
Q

Water travels from the ____ to the ____.

A

Roots ; leaves

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4
Q

True or false:

Carbohydrates and sugars travel through the phloem in both directions.

A

True

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5
Q

Plants can move materials across cell membranes using both…

A

Active and passive transport

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6
Q

True or false:

Only active transport methods use carrier proteins.

A

False

Both active and passive transport can use them.

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7
Q

List two major types of passive transport.

A
  1. Osmosis
  2. Diffusion
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8
Q

____ are water-specific proteins that facilitate diffusion.

A

Aquaporins

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9
Q

Special pores that connect the cytoplasm of multiple cells are called…

A

Plasmodesmata

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10
Q

____ is the potential energy that drives osmosis.

A

Water potential
(Ψ)

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11
Q

Water potential is measured in…

A

Megapascals
(MPa)

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12
Q

We can predict the movement of water by…

A

Comparing water potential values

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13
Q

Water always moves from an area of ____ water potential to an area of ____ potential.

A

Higher ; lower

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14
Q

List the two components of water potential.

A
  1. Pressure potential
  2. Solute potential
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15
Q

Pressure potential describes…

A

The pressure that water exerts on the wall of the cell or container

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16
Q

As more water moves into a plant cell, ____ increases.

A

Turgor pressure

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17
Q

Turgor pressure causes plant cells to be…

A

Rigid (turgid)

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18
Q

Turgor pressure resists ____ movement of water.

A

Inward

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19
Q

True or false:

Turgor pressure cannot build up unless the water is completely contained.

A

True

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20
Q

Solute potential describes the…

A

Concentration of solute in each solution

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21
Q

Pure water has a solute potential of…

A

Zero

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22
Q

The higher the solute concentration, the ____ the solute potential.

A

More negative
(Lower)

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23
Q

The total water potential is the ____ of the solute potential and the pressure potential.

A

Sum

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24
Q

True or false:

An open container of water has both solute potential and pressure potential.

A

False

It only has solute potential

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25
If both the cell and the solution have the same water potential, then...
There is no net movement of water
26
If the cell has less water potential than the solution...
Water moves into the cell
27
If the cell has more water potential than the solution...
Water moves out of the cell
28
Plant cells function best when their water potential is ____ that of the solution.
Less
29
A plant cell whose water potential is greater than that of the solution will...
Lose water and wilt
30
____ occurs when there is not enough turgor pressure inside the cell to keep the cell membrane pressed against the cell wall.
Plasmolysis
31
Water and minerals in the soil are absorbed through the...
Root hairs
32
Some plants further increase surface area by forming a symbiotic relationship with...
Mycorrhizal fungi
33
Once inside the roots, water and minerals must move across cell layers until they...
Reach the vascular tissue
34
List the three transport pathways that water can use to reach the xylem.
1. Apoplastic 2. Symplastic 3. Transmembrane
35
# True or false: The cell can transport water through multiple different pathways at once.
True
36
In the ____ pathway, water moves solely through non-living regions.
Apoplastic
37
Water using the apoplastic pathway does not need membrane transport because it...
Does not cross cell membranes
38
In the ____ pathway, water moves through living portions of the plant.
Symplastic
39
Water in the symplastic pathway moves through...
Plasmodesmata channels
40
Water in the ____ pathway moves across cell membranes and vacuole membranes.
Transmembrane
41
The ____ pathway provides the greatest control over which substances enter and leave the cell.
Transmembrane
42
After the transport pathways, the next stop for water is the...
Endodermis
43
The endodermis forms a single layer surrounding the...
Stele
44
The stele encloses the...
Primary xylem and phloem
45
The cells of the endodermis are surrounded by the...
Casparian strip
46
The Casparian strip forces water and molecules to...
Pass through the endodermal cell membranes
47
# True or false: Water can easily cross the plasma membranes of endodermal cells.
True
48
The solute concentration in water is usually much ____ than in the plant.
Lower
49
In order for solutes to reach the stele, ____ transport must be used.
Active
50
List three functions of the endodermis in transport.
1. Restricts entry of harmful substances 2. Increases solute concentration in the stele 3. Promotes movement of water into vascular tissue
51
The primary method of getting water into the xylem is...
Through the endodermis
52
At night, water is transported through the endodermis in order to...
Increase the root pressure
53
If the root pressure gets too high, ____ may occur.
Guttation
54
____ is the evaporation of water through the stomata.
Transpiration
55
When water molecules evaporate, they are immediately replaced by....
Other water molecules
56
Evaporating water molecules are immediately replaced because...
They are both cohesive and adhesive
57
In the plant, water molecules are in a constant state of...
Tension
58
In the xylem, ____ properties maintain a thin column of water that can reach great heights.
Cohesive and adhesive
59
Water is pulled up the plant by forces from...
Transpiration
60
Water is pulled from the soil by ____ forces.
Cohesive
61
The water potential gradient in a plant is highest in the...
Roots
62
The water potential gradient in a plant is lowest in the...
Leaves
63
____ pressure in the roots generates a pushing force.
Positive
64
____ pressure from transpiration generates a pulling force.
Negative
65
In the leaves, transpiration creates a ____ potential which pulls water up the plant.
Negative
66
67
The smaller the column of water, the ____ the tensile strength.
Greater
68
The water column is stabilized by water molecules adhering to...
Carbohydrates in cell walls
69
____ occurs when air bubbles enter and possibly block the water column.
Cavitation
70
Damage from cavitation can be minimized by...
Anatomical adaptations
71
Small pit connections between cells can protect against cavitation by...
Creating alternate pathways for water
72
As a plant grows taller, gravity causes the risk of cavitation to...
Increase
73
The stomata can control ____ by opening and closing.
Transpiration
74
Leaving the stomata open for too long results in...
Excess water loss
75
Leaving the stomata closed for too long prevents...
Gas exchange
76
Stomata are typically ____ during the day and ____ at night.
Open ; closed
77
____ control the opening and closing of the stomata.
Guard cells
78
The unique construction of guard cells' cell walls causes them to...
Bulge and bend when turgid
79
____ changes cell shape.
Turgor pressure
80
When the cell is ____, the stomata open to allow for gas exchange.
Turgid
81
____ is a chemical agent that can promote stomata closing.
Abscisic acid (ABA)
82
When cells are turgid, ABA binds to its receptor, which signals...
The opening of ion channels
83
List three environmental conditions that can influence stomata closing.
1. High atmospheric CO2 levels 2. Temperatures in excess of 30-34 C 3. Unfavorable water conditions
84
Most of the carbohydrates made in the leaves are distributed to the rest of the plant via...
Translocation
85
Translocation of solutes provides building blocks for...
Actively growing regions
86
The collection of translocated solutes is called...
Sap
87
# True or false: Sap can only move down the plant.
False It can move in both directions
88
The ____ is a model that describes the movement of carbohydrates in phloem.
Pressure-flow hypothesis
89
The pressure-flow hypothesis suggests that dissolved carbohydrates...
Flow from a "source" and are released at a "sink"
90
The "sources" in the pressure-flow hypothesis are... | (two)
1. Photosynthetic tissues 2. Leaves
91
The "sinks" in the pressure-flow hypothesis are... | (three)
1. Developing tissues 2. Growing stem/root tips 3. Growing fruits
92
The active transport of sugars into the phloem is called...
Phloem loading
93
Phloem loading occurs at the...
Source
94
During phloem loading, carbohydrates are loaded into...
Sieve tubes
95
Sieve cells use ____ transport to load sugars into phloem
Active
96
Most of the ATP needed for phloem loading is supplied by...
Companion cells
97
The movement of solute into sieve cells lowers ____ in the phloem.
Water potential
98
As the turgor pressure in sieve cells increases, it drives...
Fluid through the sieve tube system
99
At the "sink", metabolic tissues use active transport to...
Remove sucrose

BIOL 1106 (24 decks)

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