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BIOL 1106 > 18: Animal Reproduction > Flashcards

18: Animal Reproduction Flashcards

Module 3, Lesson 7 (99 cards)

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1
Q

____ involves meiosis and the fusion of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote.

A

Sexual reproduction

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2
Q

Offspring produced through sexual reproduction are…

A

Genetically unique

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3
Q

____ involves mitosis and produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.

A

Asexual reproduction

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4
Q

____ is a form of asexual reproduction where females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs.

A

Parthenogenesis

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5
Q

____ are individuals with both testes and ovaries, capable of producing both eggs and sperm.

A

Hermaphrodites

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6
Q

____ can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time.

A

Simultaneous hermaphrodites

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7
Q

True or false:

Some animals that are simultaneous hermaphrodites still need a mate in order to reproduce.

A

True

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8
Q

____ can change sexes.

A

Sequential hermaphrodites

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9
Q

____ are animals that start off as females but can turn into males.

A

Protogynies

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10
Q

____ are animals that start off as males but can turn into females.

A

Protandries

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11
Q

Sex determination in many fish and reptiles is…

A

Temperature sensitive

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12
Q

Sex determination in mammals and birds is…

A

Genetic

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13
Q

In mammals, sex is determined by the…

A

Y chromosome
(specifically the SRY gene it carries)

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14
Q

True or false:

In birds, the female genotype is ZZ.

A

False

This is the male genotype ; the female genotype is ZW

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15
Q

In ____, eggs and sperm are released into the water and unite to form zygotes.

A

External fertilization

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16
Q

In external fertilization, the timing of ____ is critical.

A

Gamete release

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

In ____, male gametes are introduced into the female reproductive tract.

A

Internal fertilization

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19
Q

____ occurs when fertilized eggs are deposited outside the mother’s body to complete development.

A

Oviparity

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20
Q

____ occurs when fertilized eggs remain inside the mother’s body for development, and the young obtain all their nutrients from the egg.

A

Ovoviviparity

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21
Q

____ occurs when the young develop within the mother and obtain nutrients from her blood.

A

Viviparity

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22
Q

The ____ center around the periodic release of an egg.

A

Female reproductive cycles

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23
Q

Females with a(n) ____ are only receptive to males when in “heat” (around ovulation).

A

Estrous cycle

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24
Q

Females with a(n) ____ are receptive to males at any point during the cycle.

A

Menstrual cycle

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25
Monotremes use ____ reproduction.
Oviparous
26
Marsupials use ____ reproduction, but the offspring are incompletely developed when born and finish development in the mother's pouch.
Viviparous
27
Placental mammals use ____ reproduction, where fetal development is completed in the uterus.
Viviparous
28
# True or false: Compared to marsupials, placental mammals are more developed at birth.
True
29
In males, the ____ are the glands that produce gametes and hormones.
Testis
30
The testes are located outside the body in the ____, which keeps them at a cooler temperature that is optimal for sperm development.
Scrotum
31
The ____ is the location of sperm maturation and storage.
Epididymis
32
The ____ are the tubes that carry the sperm into the body cavity.
Vas deferens
33
Sperm leaves the body via the...
Urethra
34
____ are paired glands that add a fructose-rich fluid to the semen.
Seminal vesicles
35
Secretions from the ____ make up about 30% of semen.
Prostate gland
36
Secretions from the ____ make up about 10% of semen.
Bulbourethral glands
37
Spermatogenesis occurs in the...
Seminiferous tubules
38
____ facilitate sperm development.
Sertoli cells
39
____ are located near the outside of the tubules and produce primary spermatocytes.
Germ cells
40
Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis to produce...
Haploid spermatids
41
Spermatids mature into...
Spermatozoa
42
____ are located between the seminiferous tubules and produce testosterone.
Leydig cells
43
____ is the major male sex hormone.
Testosterone
44
List the three functions of testosterone.
1. Triggers generation of male genitalia during development 2. Triggers development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics 3. Stimulates sperm production
45
The head of a sperm contains the...
Haploid nucleus and acrosome
46
The ____ is a vesicle containing enzymes to digest away the protective coating surrounding the egg.
Acrosome
47
The body of a sperm contains ____ that generate the ATP necessary for flagellar movement.
Mitochondria
48
List the five hormones involved in regulating male reproductive function.
1. Gondatropic-releasing hormone (GnRh) 2. Luteinizing hormone (LH) 3. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 4. Testosterone 5. Inhibin
49
At puberty, the hypothalamus begins secreting ____, which stimulates the anterior pituitary. ## Footnote this is the same in both males and females
GnRh
50
GnRh stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete... ## Footnote this is the same in males and females
LH and FSH
51
In males, the hormone LH...
Targets Leydig cells and triggers testosterone secretion
52
In males, FSH targets...
Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules
53
Testosterone exerts negative feedback on the secretion of...
LH
54
____ is released by Sertoli cells and exerts negative feedback on FSH secretion.
Inhibin
55
# True or false: In males, the blood plasma levels of testosterone, FSH, and LH are kept fairly constant.
True
56
In females, the ____ is the gland that produces gametes and hormones.
Ovary
57
The ____ connects the ovary to the uterus.
Fallopian tube
58
The ____ produced during ovulation travel down the fallopian tube.
Secondary oocytes
59
The fallopian tubes are also sometimes called...
Oviducts / uterine tubes
60
The ____ is a muscular organ that houses the developing embryo and fetus.
Uterus
61
The ____ is the narrow neck of the uterus that opens to the vagina.
Cervix
62
The ____ acts as both a repository for sperm and the birth canal during childbirth.
Vagina
63
In humans, oogenesis occurs in the...
Ovary
64
Germ cells in the ovary begin meiosis during...
Fetal development
65
The initial process of meiosis in female germ cells is stopped at...
Prophase 1
66
At birth, all potential ova have already begun meiosis and are located in the...
Follicles of the ovary
67
Starting from puberty, several follicles begin maturation at the beginning of each...
Menstrual cycle
68
# True or false: Multiple follicles completely mature during each menstrual cycle.
False Only one will completely mature
69
The mature follicle that releases the secondary oocyte during ovulation is called a....
Graafian follicle
70
In oogenesis, the products of meiosis 1 are...
A secondary oocyte and a polar body
71
# True or false: In oogenesis, meiosis 2 will only occur if fertilization occurs.
True
72
In oogenesis, the products of meiosis 2 are...
The ovum and another polar body
73
In females, fertilization and meiosis 2 occur in the...
Upper third of the fallopian tube
74
List the six hormones involved in female reproduction.
1. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRh) 2. Luteinizing hormone (LH) 3. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 4. Estrogen 5. Progesterone 6. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
75
The first half of the ovarian cycle is called the...
Follicular phase
76
The maturation of a follicle is stimulated by...
LH and FSH
77
Ovulation is triggered by a surge in ____ halfway through the ovarian cycle.
LH
78
After ovulation, the remaining follicle cells become the...
Corpus luteum
79
The beginnning of the uterine cycle is defined by...
Menstruation
80
The ____ of the uterine cycle is stimulated and sustained by increased secretion of estrogen.
Proliferation phase
81
Estrogen is secreted from the...
Ovary
82
During the proliferation phase, estrogen targets the endometrium of the uterus and triggers...
Thickening of the uterine lining
83
After ovulation, the ____ secretes progesterone and estrogen.
Corpus luteum
84
Progesterone and estrogen target the endometrium and trigger...
Further thickening and secretion of the uterine lining
85
During the ____, the endometrium becomes much thicker in preparation for receiving an embryo.
Secretory phase
86
Progesterone and estrogen exert negative feedback on the secretion of...
LH and FSH
87
If fertilization does not occur, then the ____ disintegrates.
Corpus luteum
88
If no fertilization occurs, the levels of ____ and ____ decline, resulting menstruation.
Estrogen and progesterone
89
If fertilization does not occur, the secretion of GnRh....
Increases
90
If fertilization and implantation occur, the embryo will prevent regression of the corpus luteum by secreting...
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
91
If fertilization and implantation occur, the ____ continues to secrete progesterone and estrogen, preventing menstruation.
Corpus luteum
92
In females, the development of secondary sexual characteristics at puberty is stimulated by...
Estrogen
93
After ovulation, the egg cell is swept into the oviduct via ____ in the tubule walls.
Waves of cilia motion
94
If sperm are present, they will travel upward through the uterus and meet the secondary oocyte in the...
Oviduct
95
Sperm the contact the egg release ____ to erode away the egg's protective coating.
Acrosomal enzymes
96
If a sperm penetrates the membrane surrounding the egg cell, the...
Meiosis is completed and fertilization occurs
97
After fertilization, the zygote begins a series of mitotic divisions called...
Cleavage
98
When the embryo reaches the uterus, it is a hollow ball of cells called a...
Blastocyst
99
The blastocyst will implant itself in the ____ and continue development.
Endometrium

BIOL 1106 (24 decks)

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