6: Unique Features of Reproduction in Angiosperms Flashcards
Module 1, Lesson 6
1
Q
Flowers evolved only in…
A
Angiosperms
2
Q
A(n) ____ has all four whorls present.
A
Complete flower
3
Q
A(n) ____ lacks one or more whorls.
A
Incomplete flower
4
Q
List the four groups of whorls.
A
- Calyx
- Corolla
- Androecium
- Gynoecium
5
Q
The ____ is the outermost whorl, which protects the flower bud.
A
Calyx
6
Q
The calyx contains all the…
A
Sepals
7
Q
The ____ is a whorl which attracts pollinators.
A
Corolla
8
Q
The corolla contains all the…
A
Petals
9
Q
The ____ is the male flower parts.
A
Androecium
10
Q
The androecium contains all the…
A
Stamens
11
Q
List the two main parts of a stamen.
A
- Stalk/filament
- Anther
12
Q
The ____ is the female flower parts.
A
Gynoecium
13
Q
The gynoecium contains all the…
A
Carpels
14
Q
List the four major parts of the carpel.
A
- Ovules
- Ovary
- Style
- Stigma
15
Q
The ____ contains the ovules.
A
Ovary
16
Q
The ____ is the slender neck of a carpel.
A
Style
17
Q
The ____ is a pollen receptor located at the tip of the style.
A
Stigma
18
Q
List three major trends in floral specialization.
A
- Fusion of flower parts
- Reduction in the number of flower parts
- Bilateral symmetry
19
Q
True or false:
Radial symmetry is considered more evolutionarily advanced than bilateral symmetry.
A
False
20
Q
The flower is a part of the ____ generation.
A
Sporophyte
(diploid)
21
Q
In angiosperms the ____ are very small and contained.
A
Gametophytes
22
Q
Microgametophytes are the ____ gametophytes.
A
Male
23
Q
Pollen grains are which type of gametophyte?
A
Microgametophyte
24
Q
Megagametophytes are the ____ gametophytes.
A
Female
25
The embryo sac is which kind of gametophyte?
Megagametophyte
26
List the four steps of pollen formation.
1. Pollen sacs and microspore mother cells are inside the anther
2. Mother cells undergo meiosis to produce microspores
3. Microspores undergo mitosis and wall differentiation to become pollen
4. A two-celled pollen is created
27
The ____ is the part of the stamen which contains the spore mother cells.
Anther
28
List the two cells in a pollen particle.
1. Tube cell
2. Generative cell
29
The tube cell in pollen produces a...
Pollen tube
30
The generative cell in pollen divides to form...
Two sperm
31
List the four steps in embryo sac formation.
1. Megaspore mother cell is inside the ovule
2. Mother cell undergoes meiosis to make four megaspores
3. Three of the megaspores disintegrate
4. The last megaspore undergoes mitosis to form the embryo sac
32
An embryo sac has ____ cells and ____ nuclei.
Seven ; eight
33
The megaspore develops into the embryo sac via...
Mitosis
34
The embryo sac has three ____ cells, each with a single nucleus.
Antipodal
35
The embryo sac has a single cell in the center which contains two...
Polar nuclei
36
The embryo sac contains two ____ cells, each with a single nucleus.
Synergeid
37
The embryo sac has one ____ cell with a single nucleus.
Egg
38
____ develop a weather-resistant wall with species-specific surface features.
Pollen grains
39
Inside a pollen grain, the tube cell grows the pollen tube through...
A pore/furrow in the wall
40
____ is a land plant innovation that eliminates the need for water during reproduction.
Pollen
41
____ is the transfer of pollen to the stigma.
Pollination
42
____ occurs when the pollen comes from the same plant as the stigma.
Self-pollination
43
# True or false:
Self-pollination can be ecologically advantageous in certain environments.
True
44
# True or false:
Plant offspring created via self-pollination are genetically identical to the parent plant.
False
Meiosis is involved, so they are not identical
45
____ occurs when pollen is transfered between different plants.
Cross-pollination / outcrossing
46
Cross-pollination promotes increased...
Genetic variation
47
____ plants have separate male and female flowers on the same plant.
Monoecious
48
Being monoecious promotes outcrossing if...
The different flowers mature at different times
49
____ plants have male and female flowers on different plants.
Dioecious
50
# True or false:
Outcrossing is required for dioecious plants to reproduce.
True
51
# True or false:
Most flowers contain both male and female structures.
True
52
A flower where the male and female structures mature at different times is...
Dichogamous
53
# True or false:
In many flowers the stamens and carpals mature at different times.
False
54
____ occurs when pollen and stigma recognize each other as being genetically related and pollen tube growth is blocked.
Self-incompatibility
55
Increased specialization in flowers leads to increased specialization in...
Pollinators
56
The relationship between flowers and pollinators is...
Mutualistic
57
____ locate flowers by odor, and prefer yellow and blue flowers.
Bees
58
____ prefer red flowers with tubular shapes.
Hummingbirds
59
____ prefer tiny, tubular flowers.
Butterflies
60
____ prefer light-colored flowers or flowers that open at night.
Moths and bats
61
Angiosperms that use ____ pollination do not require a showy calyx or corolla.
Wind
62
In a pollen grain, the ____ grows a pollen tube to reach the ovary.
Pollen tube cell
63
After fertilization, the zygote divides by mitosis to establish...
The 3D body plan of the embryo
64
A ____ links the embryo to the nutrient tissues in the seed.
Suspensor
65
List the three critical events in plant embryo development.
1. Development of food supply
2. Development of seed coat
3. Development of fruit
66
The development of the ____ is critical to plant embryo development.
Food supply
67
The development of photosynthetic tissue is triggered by...
Light
68
# True or false:
In plant embryos, the photosynthetic tissue is functional almost immediately after fertilization.
False
69
The ____ develops from the outer coating of the ovule.
Seed coat
70
The ____ surrounding the seed develops from the ovary.
Fruit
71
After ____, the seed becomes dormant.
Embryogenesis
72
____ are adapted for seed dispersal.
Fruits
73
Fruits develop from mature...
Ovaries and carpals
74
The ____, or ovary wall, has three layers whose development influences fruit type.
Pericarp
75
In true berries, like tomatoes, the entire pericarp is...
Fleshy
76
In stone fruits, like peaches, pericarp's layers form the...
1. Skin (outer)
2. Flesh (middle)
3. Pit (inner)
77
In dry fruits, like legumes, the entire pericarp is...
Dry
78
Aggregate fruits, like strawberries, form from...
Many ovaries on a single flower
79
Multiple fruits, like pineapples, form from....
Multiple flowers on a single stem, whose ovaries fuse during development
80
____ helps to coordinate fruit development and seed maturation.
Auxin
81
When seeds are mature, ____ triggers ripening of fruits.
Ethylene
82
List four ways that seed dispersal can be used to aid colonization.
1. Consumed seeds
2. Spiny and sticky fruits
3. Wind dispersal
4. Water dispersal
83
____ enables plants to colonize new islands.
Water dispersal
84
Despite producing genetically identical offspring, ____ is important for plants in some environments.
Asexual reproduction
85
____ is a method of asexual seed production.
Apomixis
86
____ is a form of asexual reproduction where new individuals are made from vegetative tissues.
Vegetative reproduction
87
____ are stem tissues capable of creating new individuals at nodes.
| (three)
1. Runners
2. Stolons
3. Rhizomes
88
____ are root sprouts that can give rise to new plants.
Suckers
89
____ form on the leaves of the mother plant, then fall off and take root.
Adventitious plantlets
90
____ describes the growth of embryonic tissue from any somatic tissue.
Somatic embryogenesis
