11: Communication via Chemical Messages Flashcards
Module 2, Lesson 5
1
Q
The ____ regulates body processes using hormones.
A
Endocrine system
2
Q
____ are chemical signals sent through the bloodstream and used to control cells throughout the body.
A
Hormones
3
Q
In order to respond to a hormone, a cell must have…
A
The receptors for that hormone
4
Q
Cells with receptors for a particular hormone are referred to as the ____ for that hormone.
A
Target cells
5
Q
When a hormone binds to its receptor, ____ are activated which lead to the appropriate response.
A
Signal transduction pathways
6
Q
What are the two main components of the endocrine system?
A
- Hormones
- Glands
7
Q
Tissues that produce hormones are called….
A
Glands
8
Q
Hormones released into the blood by neurons are called…
A
Neurohormones
9
Q
____ allow the nervous system to control cells not directly linked to it.
A
Neurohormones
10
Q
The ____ releases chemical signals into glands with ducts.
A
Exocrine system
11
Q
Ducts open into the ____ or ____.
A
Digestive tract or outside the body
12
Q
____ affects only nearby cells, allowing tissues and organs to regulate themselves.
A
Paracrine signalling
13
Q
____ occurs when the cell releases signals that bind to receptors on the same cell, enabling the cell to regulate itself.
A
Autocrine signalling
14
Q
Autocrine signaling is common in the…
A
Immune system
15
Q
____ are chemicals released into the environment to signal members of the same species.
A
Pheromones
16
Q
True or false:
Pheromones are an important part of normal body regulation.
A
False
They do not participate in normal body regulation at all.
17
Q
____ are ductless and secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
A
Endocrine glands
18
Q
____ have ducts and secrete non-hormone secretions into the digestive tract or outside the body.
A
Exocrine glands
19
Q
True or false:
Some glands can perform both endocrine and exocrine functions.
A
True
20
Q
List the three major categories of hormones.
A
- Amine hormones
- Peptide/protein hormones
- Steroid hormones
21
Q
____ are produced by modifying certain amino acids.
A
Amine hormones
(amino acid derivatives)
22
Q
____ are composed of chains of amino acids.
A
Peptide/protein hormones
23
Q
____ are lipids, produced by modifying cholesterol.
A
Steroid hormones
24
Q
The difference between peptide and protein hormones lies in the…
A
Length of their amino acid chains
25
Whether a hormone is lipophilic or hydrophilic determines...
| (two)
1. How it is transported through the blood
2. How it interacts with target cells
26
List two examples of lipophilic hormones.
1. Steroid hormones
2. Thyroid amine hormones
27
____ hormones travel through the bloodstream attached to transport proteins.
Lipophilic
28
____ hormones can pass through plasma membranes, so their receptors are inside the cell.
Lipophilic
29
Compared to hydrophilic hormones, lipophilic hormones tend to last for a ____ period of time.
Longer
30
List two examples of hydrophilic hormones.
1. Non-thyroid amine hormones
2. Peptide/protein hormones
31
____ hormones can travel unaided through the bloodstream.
Hydrophilic
32
____ hormones cannot pass through plasma membranes, so their receptors are on the outer surface of the target cell membrane.
Hydrophilic
33
Compared to lipophilic hormones, hydrophilic hormones tend to last for a ____ period of time.
Shorter
34
List a main effect of lipophilic hormones.
Activation of transcription
35
Lipophilic hormones are able to pass through the cell membrane because...
The membrane is made of lipids
36
When a lipophilic hormone binds to its receptor, it creates a...
Hormone-receptor complex
37
The hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA at the...
Hormone response element
38
When the hormone-receptor complex binds to the hormone response element, it can...
Activate or block synthesis of certain proteins
39
Lipophilic hormones regulate cell activities by regulating...
Transcription
40
____ hormones last for hours to days.
Lipophilic
41
____ hormones bind to receptors embedded in the cell mmebrane.
Hydrophilic
42
When a hydrophilic hormone binds to its receptor, it can cause a change in protein structure which...
Activates or deactivates proteins inside the cell
43
When a hydrophilic hormone binds to its receptor, it can activate ____ which activate or deactivate proteins by phosphorylation.
Protein kinases
44
Some receptors for hydrophilic hormones are themselves kinases, called...
Receptor kinases
45
The ____ is a method of activation of hydrophilic hormone receptors where the receptor activates a G protein.
Second-messenger system
46
In the second-messenger system, the receptor activates a...
G protein
47
In the second-messenger system, the G protein activates an enzyme which produces a....
Second messenger
48
In the second-messenger system, the second messenger activates a....
Protein kinase
49
Whether the second-messenger system activates or inhibits proteins depends on the...
G protein
50
The activation of ____ hormones is brief, usually lasting only minutes to hours.
Hydrophilic
51
The ____ and ____ are responsible for coordinating hormones and regulating body activities.
Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
52
The ____ is part of the central nervous system and integrates neural and endocrine activities.
Hypothalamus
53
The hypothalamus controls production and secretion of hormones from the...
Pituitary
54
The ____ developed from embryonic epithelial tissue and is not part of the nervous system.
Anterior pituitary
55
The ____ produces and releases seven hormones.
Anterior pituitary
56
# True or false:
All of the hormones released by the pituitary affect release of other hormones from other glands.
False
Some do this, but others act directly on cells without an intermediate.
57
The anterior pituitary is regulated by two classes of ____ released by the hypothalamus.
Neurohormones
58
When neurohormones reach the anterior pituitary, it responds by...
Releasing or stopping release of certain hormones
59
The ____ is the method by which neurohormones from the hypothalamus travel to the anterior pituitary.
Hypothalamopophyseal portal system
60
List the four main steps in the hypothalamopophyseal portal system.
1. Neurohormones travel from the neuron cell bodies down the axon
2. Neurohormones enter the central capillary bed in the pituitary stalk
3. Capillaries carry the neurohormones into portal veins
4. Portal veins carry the neurohormones into the second capillary bed in the anterior pituitary
61
The ____ is formed from brain tissue and has unique functions.
Posterior pituitary
62
The posterior pituitary is responsible for storing and releasing ____ and ____.
1. Antidiuretic hormone
2. Oxytocin
63
The axons of the neurons in the hypothalamus extend into the...
Posterior pituitary
64
List the seven hormones released by the anterior pituitary.
1. ACTH
2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
3. Luteinizing hormone
4. Follicle-stimulating hormone
5. MSH
6. Growth hormone
7. Prolactin
65
____ hormones are those that stimulate another gland to release other hormones.
Tropic
66
Which four hormones released by the anterior pituitary are tropic hormones?
1. ACTH
2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
3. Luteinizing hormone
4. Follicle-stimulating hormone
67
____ is a peptide hormone that stimulates the adrenal glands.
ACTH
68
____ is a glycoprotein that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
69
____ is a glycoprotein that stimulates the gonads to produce estrogen in women and testosterone in men.
Luteinizing hormone
70
____ is a glycoprotein that stimulates the gonads to make gonadotrophins.
Follicle-stimulating hormone
71
____ is a peptide hormone that stimulates the production and dispersion of melanin.
MSH
72
____ is a protein hormone that stimulates tissue growth and regulates metabolism.
Growth hormone
73
____ is a protein hormone that stimulates mammary glands and parental behaviors.
Prolactin
74
____ is a peptide hormone that decreases urine production.
Antidiuretic hormone
75
____ is a peptide hormone that plays a role in many social and reproductive behaviors.
Oxytocin
76
In women, ____ stimulates contractions, milk letdown, and maternal bonding.
Oxytocin
77
Hormones from peripheral glands create ____ at the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.
Negative feedback loops
78
____ feedback helps maintain relatively constant hormone levels.
Negative
79
When hormone levels are low, less negative feedback occurs in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, resulting in...
Excess hormone production
80
In the ____, negative feedback occurs without the need for peripheral glands.
Posterior pituitary
81
____ occurs when peripheral glands give feedback that drives more change to occur.
Positive feedback
82
List the four major peripheral endocrine glands.
1. Thyroid
2. Parathyroid glands
3. Adrenal glands
4. Pancreas
83
The ____ releases hormones that regulate metabolism and development.
Thyroid
84
Thyroxine and triiodothyronine are thyroid hormones that regulate...
Metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates
85
Calcitonin is a thyroid hormone that regulates...
Calcium levels in the blood
86
The ____ are four small glands attached to the thyroid.
Parathyroid glands
87
____ regulate blood calcium by stimulating the release of calcium from the bones.
Parathyroid hormones
88
The inner layer of the adrenal glands, the ____, secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Adrenal medulla
89
Epinephrine and norephinephrine are involved in the ____ response.
Fight or flight
90
____ can rapidly increase heart rate or blood pressure in response to a potentially threatening stimulus.
Epinephrine
91
The outer layer of the adrenal glands, the ____, secretes corticosteroids shortly after epinephrine release.
Adrenal cortex
92
Corticosteroids released by the adrenal cortex are important in regulation of...
Glucose homeostasis
93
In humans, the main corticosteroid is ____, whose levels are elevated under stress.
Cortisol
94
The ____ is a peripheral gland with both exocrine and endocrine functions.
Pancreas
95
In the exocrine system, the ____ releases bicarbonate and digestive enzymes into the small intestine.
Pancreas
96
In the endocrine system, the ____ releases hormones that regulate carbohydrates in the blood.
Pancreas
97
When blood glucose is high, the pancreas secretes ____, which causes glucose to move into cells.
Insulin
98
When blood glucose is low, the pancreas secretes ____, which causes hydrolysis of glycogen.
Glucagon
99
____ is the sole factor in promoting movement of glucose into cells.
Insulin
100
Type 1 diabetes (insulin-dependent diabetes) results when...
The pancreas lacks insulin-secreting cells.
101
Treatment of Type 1 diabetes requires...
Insulin injections
102
Type 2 diabetes (noninsulin-dependent diabetes) results when...
Cells are less sensitive to insulin than they should be.
