8: Organization of the Nervous System Flashcards
Module 2, Lesson 2 (100 cards)
1
Q
The cells of the nervous system include ____ and ____.
A
Neurons and neuroglia
2
Q
List the three main parts of a neuron.
A
- Cell body
- Dendrites
- Axon
3
Q
The ____ enable the neuron to receive electrochemical impulses.
A
Dendrites
4
Q
The ____ of a neuron receives and integrates impulses from the dendrites.
A
Cell body
5
Q
If the cell body receives enough impulses, it will…
A
Generate an outgoing impulse
6
Q
In neurons, the ____ may branch to interact with other cells and can be extremely long.
A
Axon
7
Q
Neuroglial cells form an insulating ____ around the axon.
A
Myelin sheath
8
Q
The small gaps that interrupt the myelin sheath to increase conductivity are called…
A
Nodes of Ranvier
9
Q
The primary function of neurons is to…
A
Produce and conduct electrochemical impulses
10
Q
The ____ is formed by successive wrapping of neuroglial cell membranes around an axon.
A
Myelin sheath
11
Q
Axons that have a myelin sheath are called…
A
Myelinated
12
Q
Myelinated axons form the ____ found in the brain and spinal cord.
A
White matter
13
Q
The ____ is formed by unmyelinated dendrites and cell bodies.
A
Gray matter
14
Q
In the peripheral nervous system, myelin is formed by…
A
Schwann cells
15
Q
In the central nervous system, myelin is formed by…
A
Oligodendrocytes
16
Q
____ in the peripheral nervous system detect external conditions and monitor internal conditions.
A
Sensory receptors
17
Q
____ carry information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system.
A
Sensory neurons
18
Q
The central nervous system (CNS) contains the…
A
Brain and spinal cord
19
Q
____ make connections between neurons and integrate signals.
A
Interneurons
(association neurons)
20
Q
____ carry information from the central nervous system to effectors.
A
Motor neurons
21
Q
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) contains…
A
All neurons not in the CNS
22
Q
List the two major divisions of the vertebrate nervous system.
A
- Central nervous system
- Peripheral nervous system
23
Q
True or false:
The central nervous system contains motor pathways and sensory pathways.
A
False
The peripheral nervous system contains these.
24
Q
List the two major divisions of the peripheral nervous system.
A
- Somatic nervous system
- Autonomic nervous system
25
The ____ nervous system controls voluntary movements.
Somatic
26
In the somatic nervous system, ____ are effectors.
Skeletal muscles
27
# True or false:
The axons in the somatic nervous system are heavily myelinated.
True
28
In the ____ nervous system, the axons extend from the CNS to the effector.
Somatic
29
The ____ nervous system controls involuntary processes such as heart rate and digestion.
Autonomic
30
List the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
1. Sympathetic nervous system
2. Parasympathetic nervous system
31
# True or false:
Axons in the autonomic nervous system have little to no myelin on them.
True
32
The ____ nervous system controls the fight/flight response and is most active under stress.
Sympathetic
33
The ____ nervous system works to rest and conserve energy.
Parasympathetic
34
In the autonomic nervous system, ____ are effectors.
| (three)
1. Smooth muscles
2. Cardiac muscles
3. Glands
35
# True or false:
The autonomic nervous system uses a single neuron to reach the effector.
False
There are two neurons involved.
36
List the three main regions of the brain.
1. Hindbrain
2. Midbrain
3. Forebrain
37
List the three major structures located in the hindbrain.
1. Cerebellum
2. Medulla oblangata
3. Pons
38
The ____ connects the brain to the spinal cord.
Hindbrain
39
The primary function of the hindbrain is to...
Coordinate motor responses and some reflexes
40
The primary structure in the midbrain is the...
Optic tectum
41
The function of the optic tectum in the midbrain is to...
Receive and process visual information
42
List the two main structures located in the forebrain.
1. Diencephalon
2. Cerebrum
43
The diencephalon contains the...
Thalamus and hypothalamus
44
List the two primary functions of the diencephalon.
1. Acts as a relay center for incoming sensory information and higher-order processing
2. Helps maintain homeostasis
45
The ____ is involved in conscious thought, learning, and memory.
Cerebrum
46
Amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals have a larger cerebrum, which is indicative of...
More associative function
47
The most pronounced part of the human brain is the...
Cerebrum
48
The human ____ is split into left and right hemispheres.
Cerebrum
49
The left and right cerebral hemispheres are connected by the...
Corpus callosum
50
# True or false:
Each hemisphere of the brain receives input from the **opposite** side of the body and has motor control over that side.
True
51
List the four main lobes of the cerebrum.
1. Frontal
2. Temporal
3. Occipital
4. Parietal
52
The ____ of the brain is involved in higher-order thinking, comparing, and problem solving.
Frontal lobe
53
The area of the frontal lobe responsible for conveying language is...
Broca's area
54
The ____ of the brain is responsible for interpreting auditory signals.
Temporal lobe
55
The ____ of the brain is involved in spatial analysis, math, and language.
Parietal lobe
56
The area of the parietal lobe responsible for understanding language is...
Wernicke's area
57
The ____ of the brain is responsible for processing visual information.
Occipital lobe
58
The outer few millimeters of the cerebrum is called the...
Cerebral cortex
59
# True or false:
The cerebral cortex is densely packed with neurons, and the location of most neuronal activity in the brain.
True
60
The ____ of the brain carries out motor, sensory, and associative activities.
Cerebral cortex
61
The ____ is the boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes.
Central sulcus
62
The region immediately in front of the central sulcus is the...
Primary motor cortex
63
The region immediately behind the central sulcus is the...
Primary sensory cortex
64
Different points on the surface of the primary motor cortex control...
Voluntary movement of a body part
65
Different points on the surface of the primary sensory cortex....
Receive input from a particular body part
66
The ____ is a "cable of neurons".
Spinal cord
67
The spinal cord is protected by the...
Vertebral column and meninges
68
____ are tissue membranes that cover the spinal cord and brain.
Meninges
69
The inner zone of the spinal cord is ____, containing the cell bodies of motor neurons, interneurons, and neuroglia.
Gray matter
70
The outer zone of the spinal cord is ____, containing myelinated axons of sensory and motor neurons.
White matter
71
The ____ has a major role in reflexes.
Spinal cord
72
____ are rapid motor responses to a potentially harmful stimulus.
Reflexes
73
During a ____, a sensory neuron passes information to a motor neuron in the spinal cord without higher processing.
Reflex
74
# True or false:
Reflexes essentially bypass the brain.
True
75
During a reflex, the impulse comes into the spinal cord through the ____ side.
Dorsal
76
During a reflex, the impulse leaves the spinal cord through the ____ side.
Ventral
77
A ____ is one where only two neurons are involved with a single synapse between them.
Monosynaptic response
78
More complex reflexes involve...
Interneurons
79
The peripheral nervous system consists of...
Nerves and ganglia
80
____ are clusters of axons located outside the CNS.
Nerves
81
____ are clusters of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS.
Ganglia
82
____ enter the spinal cord through the dorsal root and have their cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia.
Sensory neurons
83
____ exit the spinal cord through the ventral root.
Motor neurons
84
____ motor neurons have their cell bodies located in the spinal cord.
Somatic
85
____ motor neurons have their cell bodies located in the spinal cord and ganglia.
Autonomic
86
The ____ uses two motor neurons to either stimulate or inhibit the effector.
Autonomic neural path
87
In the autonomic neural path, the ____ neuron has its cell body in the spinal cord.
Preganglionic
88
In the autonomic neural path, the ____ neuron has its cell body in the nerve ganglion.
Postganglionic
89
The ____ is what drives reflexes.
Somatic neural path
90
The ____ stimulates the body but consumes a lot of energy.
Sympathetic nervous system
91
Nerves involved in the sympathetic nervous system exit the CNS from the...
Middle of the spinal cord
92
Ganglia involved in the sympathetic nervous system exist as...
A long chain adjacent to the spinal cord
93
The ____ keeps body energy use as low as possible.
Parasympathetic nervous system
94
Nerves involved in the parasympathetic nervous system originate from the...
Brain stem and sacral spinal cord
95
Ganglia involved in the parasympathetic nervous system are normally located...
Very close to the effectors
96
List four systems that the nervous system can interact with to maintain homeostasis.
1. Integumentary system
2. Muscular system
3. Cardiovascular system
4. Respiratory system
97
How does the nervous system interact with the integumentary system to maintain homeostais?
| (three)
1. Receptors detect temperature changes
2. ANS regulates sweat glands and blood vessels
98
How does the nervous system interact with the muscular system to maintain homeostasis?
It stimulates skeletal muscles to shiver, generating heat
99
How does the nervous system interact with the cardiovascular system to maintain homeostasis?
The autonomic nervous system monitors blood pressure, heart rate, and blood volume
100
How does the nervous system interact with the respiratory system to maintain homeostasis?
| (two)
1. Regulates breathing depth and rhythm
2. Monitors O2 and pH levels
