2: Plant Anatomy Flashcards
Module 1, Lesson 2 (148 cards)
1
Q
The distinction between monocots and eudicots is based primarily on…
A
Physiological and morphological features
2
Q
____ are undifferentiated plant cells.
A
Meristems
3
Q
What happens to the two cells produced when a meristem divides?
A
One cell differentiates and the other remains meristematic
4
Q
____ are localized regions where growth and development occurs.
A
Meristems
5
Q
____ are found at the apices of roots and shoots.
A
Apical meristems
6
Q
____ extend along the diameter of the root or shoot.
A
Lateral meristems
7
Q
Apical meristems are responsible for ____ growth.
A
Primary
8
Q
In plants, “primary growth” means…
A
Growth in length
9
Q
The tissues derived from apical meristems are called…
A
Primary meristems
10
Q
List the four main types of primary meristems.
A
- Protoderm
- Procambium
- Ground meristem
- Intercalary meristem
11
Q
The protoderm goes on to produce…
A
Dermal tissue
12
Q
The procambium goes on to produce…
A
Vascular tissue
13
Q
The ground meristem goes on to produce…
A
Ground tissue
14
Q
In plants that have it, the intercalary meristem serves to…
A
Lengthen the internode
15
Q
True or false:
Apical meristems are delicate, so they have to be surrounded by protective structures.
A
True
16
Q
The ____ protects the shoot apical meristem.
A
Leaf primordia
17
Q
The ____ protects the root apical meristem.
A
Root cap
18
Q
Lateral meristems are often found in which two groups of plants?
A
- Gymnosperms
- Eudicots
19
Q
Lateral meristems are responsible for ____ growth.
A
Secondary
20
Q
In plants, “secondary growth” refers to…
A
Growth in diameter
21
Q
The tissues derived from lateral meristems are called…
A
Secondary tissues
22
Q
List the two types of tissue created by the lateral meristems in woody plants.
A
- Vascular cambium
- Cork cambium
23
Q
The vascular cambium produces the…
A
Secondary xylem and secondary phloem
24
Q
____ is the primary component of wood.
A
Secondary xylem
25
In woody plants, the secondary phloem becomes part of the...
Bark
26
The cork cambium produces...
Cork cells
27
In woody plants, cork cells form the...
Outer bark
28
List three things that can be used to distinguish different types of plant cells.
1. Size of vacuoles
2. Whether they are alive at maturity
3. Thickness of cell walls
29
# True or false:
All plant cells have a primary cell wall.
True
30
# True or false:
All plant cells have a secondary cell wall.
False
31
Some plant cells have extra layers of cellulose for extra strength, which forms the...
Secondary wall
32
The primary cell wall is located ____ the secondary cell wall.
Outside
33
The extra cellulose used to form the secondary cell wall is produced in the...
Cell membrane
34
In addition to cellulose, some cell walls contain additional substances for...
Strengthening or waterproofing
35
List the three main types of plant tissue.
1. Dermal
2. Ground
3. Vascular
36
The main function of dermal tissue is...
Protection
37
The ____ is thin dermal tissue derived from the embryo or the apical meristem.
Epidermis
38
# True or false:
The epidermis is often only a single cell layer thick.
True
39
Exposed portions of the epidermis are covered by the ____.
Cuticle
40
The primary function of the cuticle is...
Waterproofing / preventing excess water loss
41
Gas exchange occurs through openings in the epidermis called...
Stomata
42
The stomata opening is regulated by a pair of...
Guard cells
43
____ are outgrowths of epidermal cells that have numerous functions.
Trichomes
44
____ are epidermal outgrowths on young, growing roots.
Root hairs
45
The main function of root hairs is to...
Increase surface area to maximize water/mineral absorption
46
List the three main functions of ground tissue.
1. Storage
2. Photosynthesis
3. Support
47
List the three types of cells characteristic to ground tissue.
1. Parenchyma
2. Collenchyma
3. Sclerenchyma
48
The most abundant type of plant cell in primary tissues is the...
Parenchyma
49
List three main characteristics of parenchyma.
1. Thin primary cell walls
2. Large vacuoles
3. Alive at maturity
50
Some ____ contain a large number of chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
Parenchyma
51
The main functions of parenchyma cells are...
1. Photosynthesis
2. Storage
52
The primary function of collenchyma cells is to...
Provide flexible support for plant organs
53
List two characteristics of collenchyma cells.
1. Have irregularly thickened cell walls
2. Alive at maturity
54
List three characteristics of sclerenchyma cells.
1. Thick primary cell walls
2. Secondary cell wall contains lignin
3. Dead at maturity
55
The primary function of sclerenchyma cells is...
Support
56
List two types of sclerenchyma cells.
1. Sclereids
2. Fibers
57
____ are a type of sclerenchyma that strengthen seed coats and are also found in the flesh of some fruits.
Sclereids
58
____ are type of sclerenchyma that are elongated and grouped together in strands.
Fibers
59
Fibers are generally associated with ____ tissue.
Vascular
60
____ conducts water and nutrients throughout the plant.
Vascular tissue
61
# True or false:
Plants use the same transport system for both food and water.
False
62
Vascular tissue is an important characteristic of all....
Tracheophytes
63
____ is vascular tissue specialized in water and mineral conduction.
Xylem
64
What two types of cells make up the xylem in angiosperms?
1. Vessels
2. Tracheids
65
Both vessels and tracheids are ____ at maturity.
Dead
66
Vessels and tracheids are both elongated cells that form...
Hollow tubes
67
# True or false:
Vessels and tracheids contribute to plant support.
True
68
____ are larger in diameter and stack end-to-end.
Vessels
69
# True or false:
Vessels are more efficient at water conduction than tracheids.
True
70
Both vessels and tracheids have a secondary cell wall containing...
Lignin
71
____ are smaller in diameter with overlapping tapered ends.
Tracheids
72
Xylem often has ____ cells for lateral transport and storage.
Parenchyma
73
Xylem often has ____ for strengthening.
Fibers
74
____ is vascular tissue that conducts the products of photosynthesis.
Phloem
75
List the two types of elongated cells found in phloem in angiosperms.
1. Sieve cells
2. Sieve tube members
76
# True or false:
Sieve cells are considered more specialized and more efficient that sieve tube members.
False
77
____ are special parenchyma cells associated with a sieve tube member that perform some of its metabolic functions.
Companion cells
78
Sieve tub members can stack end-to-end to make ____ for transport.
Sieve tubes
79
Both sieve tube members and sieve cells have ____, which are more abundant on adjoining ends.
Sieve areas
80
Sieve tube members are alive at maturity but lack a....
Nucleus
81
List the three main vegetative organs in angiosperms.
1. Leaves
2. Roots
3. Stems
82
List the two main organ systems in plants.
1. Root system
2. Shoot system
83
The ____ is located primarily below ground and contains the plant's roots.
Root system
84
List the six components of the shoot system.
1. Internode
2. Node
3. Leaf
4. Axillary bud
5. Reproductive shoot
6. Flower
85
The ____ is made up of repeated units of nodes and internodes.
Vegetative shoot system
86
A(n) ____ is the space between branches/leaves.
Internode
87
A(n) ____ is the location where a leaf sprouts from.
Node
88
A(n) ____ is a lateral shoot tip that enables the plant to branch.
Axillary bud
89
Flowers and floral shoots used in reproduction are produced by the...
Axillary buds
90
# True or false:
If the main stem is damaged or eaten, an axillary bud can replace it.
True
91
____ are the primary photosynthetic organs of plants.
Leaves
92
In ____, leaves are usually flattened blades that increase surface area for absorption of sunlight.
Eudicots
93
A leaf's blade is attached to the stem by a slender stalk called a...
Petiole
94
A leaf's ____ contains vascular tissues arranged in bundles.
Vein
95
List the three main types of tissue found in a leaf.
1. Upper and lower epidermis
2. Mesophyll cells
3. Vascular tissue
96
The ____ of a leaf has a cuticle for waterproofing.
Upper and lower epidermis
97
Mesophyll cells are a form of ____ tissue.
Ground
98
The photosynthetic cells of a leaf are the...
Mesophyll cells
99
The ____ are located between the upper and lower epidermis.
Mesophyll cells
100
The ____ consists of elongated cells located near the upper epidermis.
Palisade mesophyll
101
The ____ layer contains many air spaces to facilitate gas exchange.
Palisade mesophyll
102
The ____ consists of loosely-arranged spongy cells located near the lower epidermis.
Spongy mesophyll
103
The ____ transports water to the leaves.
Xylem
104
____ transports the products of photosynthesis from the leaves to other areas of the plant.
Phloem
105
List two major functions of roots.
1. Anchors the plant to the substrate
2. Absorbs water and nutrients from soil
106
List the four regions of a growing root tip.
1. Root cap
2. Zone of cell division
3. Zone of elongation
4. Zone of maturation
107
The root cap is located at the ____ of the growing root.
Tip
108
Cells in the root cap are constantly replaced by the...
Root apical meristem
109
The root apical meristem is located in the...
Zone of cell division
110
Cells in the ____ become several times longer than they are wide.
Zone of elongation
111
The ____ in an enlarged root cell accounts for more than 90% of the total cell volume.
Vacuole
112
Root cells that have reached their maximum size become differentiated in the...
Zone of maturation
113
The ____ of a root has root hairs and a very thin cuticle.
Epidermis
114
The ____ of a root is located just inside the epidermis.
Cortex
115
A major function of the cortex is...
Carbohydrate storage
116
The ____ is a part of the cortex that contains suberin in its primary cell walls.
Endodermis
117
The ____ surrounds the cell wall and channels water through the cell membranes.
Casparian strip
118
The ____ includes all tissues inside the endodermis.
Stele
119
The first layer of cells in the stele is called the...
Pericycle
120
The main function of the pericycle is to...
Create branch roots
121
After the pericycle, the next layer of cells in the stele is the...
Vascular tissue
122
In ____ roots, the primary xylem is star-shaped and located at the center of the stele.
Eudicot
123
In eudicot roots, the primary phloem is located...
Outside the xylem, in clusters
124
In ____ roots, the primary xylem is in discrete vascular bundles.
Monocot
125
In monocot roots, the primary xyelm is arranged in a ring around central parenchyma called...
Pith
126
In monocot roots, the primary phloem is located...
Adjacent to the primary xylem
127
____ link leaves with roots and provide transport between them.
Stems
128
List three characteristics of stems common to both eudicots and monocots.
1. The outer layer of cells is the epidermis
2. The epidermis is covered in cuticle
3. The epidermis may be green and photosynthetic
129
List three characteristics of eudicot stems.
1. Vascular tissue is arranged in bundles located in a ring
2. Cortex is found outside vascular bundles
3. Pith is found in the center of the stem
130
In woody plants, the vascular cambium develops...
Between the primary xylem and primary phloem
131
List two characteristics of monocot stems.
1. Vascular bundles are scattered throughout ground tissue
2. No vascular cambium
132
# True or false:
Monocots can experience secondary growth.
False
They do not develop vascular cambium, which means no secondary growth
133
The divisions of meristematic cells in the ____ produces secondary xylem and phloem.
Vascular cambium
134
Secondary xylem is produced towards the ____, while secondary phloem is produced towards the ____.
Interior ; exterior
135
Large secondary xylem cells form when conditions are...
Favorable
136
Smaller secondary xylem cells form when...
Growth is limited
137
As a woody plant ages, the ____ is crushed in the center of the stem.
Primary xylem
138
In woody plants, the ____ can replace the epidermis and protect the stem.
Periderm
139
Cork cambium forms in the...
Outer cortex
140
List two characteristics of cork cells.
1. Contain suberin for waterproofing
2. Dead at maturity
141
All the layers outside of the vascular cambium are considered part of the...
Bark
142
____ are patches of unsuberized cells that permit gas exchange in woody stems.
Lenticels
143
List the three groups into which plants can be placed based on their lifespans.
1. Perennial
2. Annual
3. Biennial
144
List two characteristics of perennial plants.
1. Grow year after year
2. Reproduction can occur multiple times
145
List two characteristics of annual plants.
1. Live only a year
2. Reproduce and die over the course of a year
146
____ plants live for two years.
Biennial
147
In their first year of life, biennial plants...
Grow vegetatively and store carbohydrates
148
In their second year of life, biennial plants...
Reproduce using energy from the stored carbohydrates
