4: Plant Nutrition and Defense Flashcards
Module 1, Lesson 4 (90 cards)
1
Q
Plants are able to photosynthesize the sugars necessary for their…
A
Metabolic needs
2
Q
____ are those nutrients needed in relatively large amounts.
A
Macronutrients
3
Q
List the nine macronutrients.
A
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
- Nitrogen
- Potassium
- Calcium
- Magnesium
- Phosphorus
- Sulfur
4
Q
____ are those nutrients needed in relatively small amounts.
A
Micronutrients
5
Q
List the seven micronutrients.
A
- Chlorine
- Iron
- Boron
- Zinc
- Manganese
- Copper
- Molybdenum
6
Q
____ is the highly weathered outer layer of the Earth’s crust.
A
Soil
7
Q
The majority of nutrients necessary for plants can be found in the…
A
Soil
8
Q
List the eight components of soil.
A
- Sand
- Rocks
- Clay
- Silt
- Organic matter
- Humus
- Microorganisms
- Minerals
9
Q
____ are the solid crystalline forms of ~92 naturally-occurring elements.
A
Minerals
10
Q
The soil’s composition determines its…
A
Physical properties
11
Q
List the three major layers of soil.
A
- Topsoil
- Subsoil
- Bedrock
12
Q
The layer of soil most rich in organic matter is the…
A
Topsoil
13
Q
Dissolved ____ percolate down through the soil in water.
A
Minerals and nutrients
14
Q
Most plant roots are located in the…
A
Topsoil
15
Q
Nutrients that have leached off rocks collect in the…
A
Subsoil
16
Q
Water moves laterally in the ____, where it works its way back to a river, stream, or lake.
A
Bedrock
17
Q
About half of the soil volume contains…
A
Pores
18
Q
True or false:
Pores may be filled with air, water, or both.
A
True
19
Q
Roots need ____ to respire.
A
Air
20
Q
Plants need a ____ to absorb water and dissolve nutrients.
A
Moist environment
21
Q
____ adhere water to soil particles and help dissolve nutrients.
A
Hydrogen bonds
22
Q
The soil composition can determine the relative proportions of…
A
Air and water
23
Q
Most plants do best in soil that has a balance of…
A
Sand, silt, and clay
24
Q
Roots can only uptake nutrients that are…
A
Dissolved in water
(in their ionic form)
25
The typical soil particle has a ____ charge.
Negative
26
____ tend to cling to soil particles.
Cations
27
To uptake cations from the soil, plants use a method called...
Cation exchange
28
List the three main steps of cation exchange.
1. The presence of anions in solution creates a charge gradient
2. ATP proton pumps move H+ ions out of the roots
3. Cations are released and become available for uptake
29
# True or false:
Plants must also use a special method to uptake anions.
False
30
____ are subject to leaching - being washed out of soil by heavy rainfall.
Anions
31
____ stay dissolved in pores.
Anions
32
# True or false:
Plants can uptake nitrogen directly from the atmosphere.
False
They cannot uptake N2, atmospheric nitrogen
33
Plants cannot uptake N2 because...
There is a strong triple bond between the nitrogen atoms
34
List two usable forms of nitrogen.
1. Ammonia
2. Nitrates
35
Some prokaryotes can convert N2 into usable forms, a process called...
Nitrogen fixation
36
Many plants rely on ____ to increase the supply of usable nitrogen in the soil.
Nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes
37
Plants in the legume family have symbiotic relationships with...
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
38
The nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium bacteria receive ____ from the legume plant.
Oxygen and carbohydrates
39
The legume plant receives ____ from the Rhizobium bacteria.
Usable nitrogen
40
Many plant roots have symbiotic relationships with ____ to help uptake nutrients.
Mycorrhizal fungi
41
About ____ of vascular plants have symbiotic relationships with mycorrhizal fungi.
90%
42
Mycorrhizal fungi receive ____ from the plant.
Photosynthesized sugars
43
Mycorrhizal fungi help plants by enhancing...
Uptake of phosphorus and some micronutrients
44
Some plants have become ____ as a strategy to obtain nutrients that are in low supply.
Carnivorous
45
Carnivorous plants use modified leaves, hairs, and trichomes to...
Trap insects
46
Carnivorous plants extract ____ from digested insects
Nutrients
47
List four examples of carnivorous plants.
1. Venus flytrap
2. Pitcher plant
3. Sundew
4. Aquatic waterwheel
48
____ gain nutrients by exploiting a host plant.
Parasitic plants
49
# True or false:
Parasitic plants can be photosynthetic or non-photosynthetic.
True
50
Photosynthetic parasitic plants extract ____ from their hosts.
Inorganic nutrients and water
51
Non-photosynthetic parasitic plants extract ____ from their hosts.
Manufactured sugars
52
List two examples of parasitic plants.
1. Dodder
2. Indian pipe
53
____ is the use of plants to help clean up polluted areas and damaged ecosystems.
Phytoremediation
54
List three ways that certain plants can absorb toxins from the soil.
1. Phytodegradation
2. Phytovolatilization
3. Phytoaccumulation
55
____ occurs when a toxin is broken down by a plant.
Phytodegradation
56
____ occurs when a toxin is released through a plant's stomata.
Phytovolatilization
57
____ occurs when a pollutant remains in plant tissues.
Phytoaccumulation
58
List four major threats that plants must defend themselves against.
1. Herbivores
2. Pathogens
3. Extreme environments
4. Other plants
59
The first line of defense in many plants is the...
Dermal tissue
(physical barriers)
60
The waxy cuticle found on epidermal cells protects against...
| (two)
1. Water loss
2. Pathogen entry
61
Some plant cells contain suberin, which...
| (three)
1. Stops water loss
2. Defends against pathogen entry
3. Seals wounds
62
List three types of physical barriers found in dermal tissue.
1. Cuticle
2. Suberin
3. Specialized structures
63
If the dermal tissue is damaged, then...
Pathogens can enter the plant
64
Many fungi will attempt to enter a plant by looking for...
Weak spots or openings in dermal tissue
65
Many prokaryotes rely on ____ to gain access to a plant's interior.
Mechanical damage or wounds
66
Nematodes can gain access to a plant by...
Chewing through cell walls
67
List four types of chemical defenses that plants may have.
1. Plant toxins
2. Defensins
3. Secondary metabolites
4. Allelopathy
68
____ help protect plants by killing, weakening, or repelling herbivores.
Plant toxins
69
____ are small peptides with antimicrobial activity.
Defensins
70
Some defensins can also limit...
Enzyme activity and protein synthesis
71
____ are compounds not directly involved in development, growth, or reproduction.
Secondary metabolites
72
List two major ways that plants use secondary metabolites.
1. Interacting with the environment
2. Defense
73
____ plants secrete chemicals that block seed germination or inhibit nearby plant growth.
Allelopathic
74
Some plants protect themselves by forming ____ with animals.
Mutualistic relationships
75
The relationship between parasitoid wasps and some plants is an example of a...
Mutualistic relationship
76
List the two main types of wound responses in plants.
1. Static defenses
2. Inducible defenses
77
____ must be maintained regardless of whether a threat exists.
Static plant defenses
78
Static defenses are very effective but...
Create a high energy demand
79
____ become active only when a threat is detected.
Inducible defenses
80
List the five main steps of inducible wound defense in tomato plants.
1. Leaves produce systemin
2. Systemin uses phloem to travel throughout the plant
3. Systemin binds to a receptor
4. The receptor initiates the production of jasmonic acid
5. Jasmonic acid activates genes that code for proteinase inhibitors
81
____ is a signal molecule used in inducible wound defense.
Systemin
82
When a plant is wounded, ____ activates transcription of genes that code for a proteinase inhibitor.
Jasmonic acid
83
____ inhibit protein-degrading enzymes, resulting in a bad-tasting plant that can't be digested.
Proteinase inhibitors
84
List the three major points of the gene-for-gene hypothesis.
1. Pathogens produce proteins using avr genes
2. Plants produce receptors using R genes
3. Plants and pathogens both develop new avr genes and R genes to counteract the other.
85
If a plant's R genes successfully recognize a pathogen's avr gene...
The plant can initiate a hypersensitive response
86
A ____ to infection results in destruction of the infected cell and surrounding cells.
Hypersensitive response
87
If a plant's R genes fail to recognize a pathogen's avr gene, then...
The pathogen can infect the host and reproduce
88
A ____ seals off the pathogen from the rest of the plant.
Hypersensitive response
89
After a hypersensitive response, a ____ may be released to notify all other plant tissues of the infection.
Signal molecule
90
____ is a temporary, broad-ranging response to attack in the rest of the plant.
Systemic Acquired Resistance
(SAR)
