4.1

Question 1

what organelles are involved in transport

Answer 1

rough ER
golgi aparatus
nucleus

Question 2

glycoproteins

Answer 2

act as antigens
cell recognition
receptors for hormones

Question 3

peripheral proteins

Answer 3

can be enzymes
can be involved in regulating transport

Question 4

ingtegral proteins

Answer 4

main transport system of the membrane
can be permenant pores or other transport mechanisms e.g. carrier proteins or active pumps

Question 5

passive transport e.g’s

Answer 5

diffusion
facillitated diffusion
osmosis

Question 6

diffusion

Answer 6

movement of particles down the concentration gradient
high concentration to low concentration
cell membranes are no barrier
small particles/ non polar
lipid soluble
- oxygen
-carbon dioxide

Question 7

facillitated diffusion

Answer 7

diffusion through carrier/channel proteins
protein lined pores of the cell membrane
charged molecules
water soluble

Question 8

osmosis

Answer 8

specialist form of diffusion
high water potential to a low water potential
through a partially permeable membrane

Question 9

active transport e.g’s

Answer 9

endocytosis
exocytosis
active transport
moved across membrane by carrier proteins
needs atp

Question 10

endocytosis

Answer 10

movement of large molecules into cells through vesicle formation
fluid nature allows formation

Question 11

exocytosis

Answer 11

movement of large molecules out of cells through vesicle formation

Question 12

Active Transport definition

Answer 12

movement of molecules from low to high concentration against the concentration gradient using carrier proteins - energy required

Question 13

isotonic solution

Answer 13

the osmotic concentration of the solutes in the solution is the same of that in the cells

Question 14

hypotonic solution

Answer 14

the osmotic concentration of the solutes in the solution is lower of that in the cytoplasm of the cells
water into cells
turgid

Question 15

hypertonic solution

Answer 15

the osmotic concentration of the solutes in the solution is higher than in the cytoplasm
water out of cells
plasmoylsed

Question 16

osmotic potential

Answer 16

potential of water to move across a partially permeable membrane from a hypotonic to hypertonic

Question 17

turgor pressure

Answer 17

pressure generated on the swelling protoplasm pushes against the cell wall
when put in distilled water it will increase

Question 18

water potential

Answer 18

turgor pressure + osmotic potential(-)
lowest wp is most conc

Question 19

osmosis in the form of water potential

Answer 19

net movement of water molecules from an area of less negative water potential to an area of more negative water potential through a partially permeable membrane

Question 20

active transport

Answer 20

use a carrier protein
energy supplied by atp
against concentration gradient
one way system
as oxygen conc increases rate of uptake increases

Question 21

carrier proteins in active transport

Answer 21

can be speicific only picking up one type of ion or molecule
or can work for many small ions that have to compete with each other

Question 22

break down of fibrous proteins

Answer 22

hydrolsis reaction to form amino acids

Question 23

increase in temp on membrane permeability

Answer 23

as temperature inreases permeability increases
due to the movements of phospholipids
at higher temps proteins begin to denature and more can escape

Question 24

ethanol

Answer 24

ethanol damages phospholipids membrane becomes more permeable

Question 25

importance of phospholipids

Answer 25

polar phosphate head reacts with aqueous enviroment
polar particles cant pass through the nonpolar tails so go through carrier proteins

Question 26

changes in water potential

Answer 26

water enters the cell by osmosis
water potential of solution higher than cell
turgor pressure increases
so water potential = 0 until turgor pressure = 0
as cell wall prevents further entry of water