1.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

disulpate bond

A

s-s
reducting agents split

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2
Q

van der waals

A

weak forces of attraction between non polar groups
water is excluded to keep the side chains together
raise in temp breaks

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3
Q

glycogen

A

used to store carbs in animals
made of alpha glucose
similar structure to amlypectin
-branched
less dense and more soluble than starch so broken down quicker
-higher metabolic rate in animals

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4
Q

primary structure

A

sequence of amino acids in a polypetite chain
can fold up to form different structures through different types of bonding
<>-<>-<>-
peptite bonds

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5
Q

cellulose

A

made of beta glucose
each monomer is inverted
forms chains which run parallel with hydrogen bonds between the chains to form microfibrils
microfibrils are strong
polar nature allows water to diffuse through
bonded together by hydrogen bonds
used in plant cell walls

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6
Q

structure of polysaccharides

A

storage molecules
can form very compact molecules so large numbers can be stored
glycosidic bonds are easily broken allowing rapid release of monosaccharide units for cellular respiration
not very soluble in water - little effect on water potential within a cell

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7
Q

fibrious proteins

A

forms long chains or fibres
fibrous nature means they are insoluble
useful for structure and support
collogen
- found in skin, teeth, bones, tendons, blood, vessel walls
fibres form a triple-helix of polypeptite chains
held together by hydrogen bonds
many tropocollagen joined together

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8
Q

quaternary structure

A

some proteins consist of more than one polypeptite chain held together in a precise 3D structre
2 main types
-globular
-fibrous
can involve the addition of a non amino acid dirvied groups known as prosteitc groups

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9
Q

structure of alpha glucose

A
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10
Q

structure of beta glucose

A
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11
Q

sucrose

A

disaccharide
alpha glucose + fructose
not a reducing sugar

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12
Q

maltose

A

disaccharide
alpha glucose + alpha glucose
reducing sugar

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13
Q

lactose

A

disaccharide
alpha glucose + beta galactose
reducing sugar

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14
Q

monosacharide examples

A

glucose
fructose
ribose
galactose

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15
Q

dissacharides

A

two monosacharides bonded together with a glycosidic bond in condensation reaction
sucrose
maltose
lactose

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16
Q

polysaccharides examples

A

starch
cellulose
glycogen

17
Q

lipids

A

made of hydrocarbons
have covalent and ester bonds
e.g
triglycerides
phospholipids

18
Q

structure of ribose

A
19
Q

phospholipids

A

make up plaza membranes
contain a phosphate group
two fatty acids bonded to a glycerol
phosphate head is hydrophillic
tails are hydrophobic
form in a circle

20
Q

amino acid structure

A

H
NH3 -C- COOH
R
they make proteins

21
Q

amalyose

A

long
unbranched
helical
has 1,4 glycosidic bonds
-makes it compact, so good for storage

22
Q

uses of lipids

A

waterproofing organisms
-waterproofing the fur and feathers of mamals (oil)
waxes for plants and insects
good insulators
because they are hydrophobic

23
Q

haemaglobin

A

globular protein
quaternary structure
4 polypeptite chains
-2 α subunits
-2 β subunits
-4 haem prostetic groups (iron)

24
Q

globular protein

A

form a spherical mass
fold up so that the hydrophillic groups are on the outside and hydrophobic on the inside

25
Q

ionic bonds

A

between opositly charged particles
broken by changing ph

26
Q

triglyceride

A

made up of fats and oils
hydrophobic acid tails carboxylic acid
3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol by an ester bond
bonds in a condensation reaction
same basic structure (RCOOH)

27
Q

secondary structure

A

folding of the primary structure of polypeptite chains into α-helixes and β pleated sheets
hydrogen bonding between amino acids in the chain
h bonds form between
CO- carboxl group and NH- amine group

28
Q

starch

A

made of alpha glucose
helical structure of starch makes it good for storage in plants
insoluble
made of two types of polysaccharides:
-amylose
-amylopectin

29
Q

bonds between monosaccharides

A

glycosydic bonds

30
Q

tertiary structure

A

secondary fold up to form a very precise 3D structure
bonds involved
-hydrogen
-disulphate
-ionic
-van der waal
between R groups

31
Q

general formula for monosaccharides

A

(CH2O)n
triose-n=3
pentose-n=5

32
Q

amylopectin

A

long
branched
branches allow enzymes to break it down easily so glucose can be released for respiration

33
Q

amino acid bonding

A

condensation reaction
peptite bond
forms dipeptite or polypeptite
folds or coils or associates with other polypeptie chain to form a protein

34
Q

hydrogen bond

A

forms between dipoles
breaks by high temps and change in ph

35
Q

monosacharides bonding reaction

A

condensation reaction
water is given off

36
Q

globular protein solubility

A

polar hydrophillic head on outside non polar hydrophobic tail on inside
head forms hydrogen bonds with water
because water is a polar solvent